http://wiki.tbsp.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=EricChesmar&feedformat=atomTBSPedia - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T22:12:51ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.20.2http://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2023-01-11T18:42:48Z<p>EricChesmar: /* On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (National Avalanche Center): https://avalanche.org/avalanche-tutorial/<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): https://avalanche.org/avalanche-encyclopedia/#anchors<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Free snow pit plotting software: http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;A quick description of faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Demonstrations of several snowpack (in)stability tests: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvwhuP4qtQg<br />
<br />
== Rescue and Rescue Equipment ==<br />
<br />
;BCA Training Videos: https://backcountryaccess.com/en-us/learn-avalanche-safety/avalanche-rescue<br />
<br />
;Extensive Transceiver Reviews: https://beaconreviews.com<br />
;Transceiver Software Updates: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/updating.asp<br />
<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety: http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises ==<br />
;Route-Finding Interactive On-line Exercise: https://avysavvy.avalanche.ca/en-ca/route-finding-exercises<br />
;CalTopo mapping tool: https://caltopo.com<br />
;CalTopo training: https://training.caltopo.com<br />
; Backcountry Ski Maps (with routes and slope angle shading, digital and print): https://backcountryskimaps.com<br />
<br />
== Tools for Slope Angle in the field ==<br />
; Pieps 30 Degree Plus XT Electronic Inclinometer<br />
; BCA Slopemeter https://backcountryaccess.com/en-us/p/slope-meter-2023<br />
; Poleclinometer https://poleclinometer.com/<br />
; Sunnto MC-2G compass with inclinometer https://www.rei.com/product/652898/suunto-mc-2g-navigator-compass<br />
; Mountain Summit Gear Deluxe Mirrored Sighting Compass with Declination - https://www.rei.com/rei-garage/product/131462/mountain-summit-gear-deluxe-mirrored-sighting-compass-with-declination<br />
<br />
Phone apps: <br />
; Wasatch Backcountry Skiing: https://wbskiing.com/inclinometer.php<br />
;<br />
<br />
<br />
== Alpha Angle References ==<br />
; 2014 WildSnow article: Alpha Angle — How Far Can that Avalanche Go? by Lou Dawson https://www.wildsnow.com/10011/alpha-angle-avalanche-safety/<br />
; Backcountry Magazine 2016 article: Mountain Skills: Understanding Alpha Angles https://backcountrymagazine.com/stories/mountain-skills-alpha-angle/<br />
;<br />
<br />
== Map reading ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://howtowilderness.com/map-training/<br />
;How to Use a Compass with a Topo Map: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0035/report.pdf<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Video/Media Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
;The Human Factor 1.0: http://www.powder.com/the-human-factor-1.0/<br />
;The Human Factor 2.0: https://www.youtube.com/@powdermag/search?query=The%20human%20factor%202.0<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
;Wilson Glade Avalanche Incident Report (2021): https://utahavalanchecenter.org/avalanche/59084<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Education ==<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center local providers: https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/education/providers<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (3rd edition, 2018)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (4th edition coming 2023)<br />
<br />
==Local and National/Global Route Finding Resources==<br />
;Backcountry Ski Maps: https://backcountryskimaps.com<br />
;FATMAP (contains some BC and side-country routes in addition to resort runs): https://fatmap.com<br />
;rootsrated.com: https://rootsrated.com/lake-tahoe-ca/backcountry-skiing<br />
;Powder project: https://www.powderproject.com<br />
;THE Eastern Sierra Guidebook: https://www.amazon.com/Backcountry-Skiing-Californias-Eastern-Sierra/dp/1938393333<br />
;Tahoe Ski Atlas (Beautiful visual guidebook for the Tahoe area): https://tahoeskiatlas.com<br />
;The BackCountry Shop - Mike's ski tours: https://thebackcountry.com/mikes-ski-tours/</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2023-01-10T00:27:57Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Local and National/Global Route Finding Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (National Avalanche Center): https://avalanche.org/avalanche-tutorial/<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): https://avalanche.org/avalanche-encyclopedia/#anchors<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Free snow pit plotting software: http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;A quick description of faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Demonstrations of several snowpack (in)stability tests: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvwhuP4qtQg<br />
<br />
== Rescue and Rescue Equipment ==<br />
<br />
;BCA Training Videos: https://backcountryaccess.com/en-us/learn-avalanche-safety/avalanche-rescue<br />
<br />
;Extensive Transceiver Reviews: https://beaconreviews.com<br />
;Transceiver Software Updates: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/updating.asp<br />
<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety: http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises ==<br />
;Route-Finding Interactive On-line Exercise: https://avysavvy.avalanche.ca/en-ca/route-finding-exercises<br />
;CalTopo mapping tool: https://caltopo.com<br />
;CalTopo training: https://training.caltopo.com<br />
; Backcountry Ski Maps (with routes and slope angle shading, digital and print): https://backcountryskimaps.com<br />
<br />
== Map reading ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://howtowilderness.com/map-training/<br />
;How to Use a Compass with a Topo Map: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2001/0035/report.pdf<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Video/Media Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
;The Human Factor 1.0: http://www.powder.com/the-human-factor-1.0/<br />
;The Human Factor 2.0: https://www.youtube.com/@powdermag/search?query=The%20human%20factor%202.0<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
;Wilson Glade Avalanche Incident Report (2021): https://utahavalanchecenter.org/avalanche/59084<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Education ==<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center local providers: https://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/education/providers<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (3rd edition, 2018)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (4th edition coming 2023)<br />
<br />
==Local and National/Global Route Finding Resources==<br />
;Backcountry Ski Maps: https://backcountryskimaps.com<br />
;FATMAP (contains some BC and side-country routes in addition to resort runs): https://fatmap.com<br />
;rootsrated.com: https://rootsrated.com/lake-tahoe-ca/backcountry-skiing<br />
;Powder project: https://www.powderproject.com<br />
;THE Eastern Sierra Guidebook: https://www.amazon.com/Backcountry-Skiing-Californias-Eastern-Sierra/dp/1938393333<br />
;Tahoe Ski Atlas (Beautiful visual guidebook for the Tahoe area): https://tahoeskiatlas.com<br />
;The BackCountry Shop - Mike's ski tours: https://thebackcountry.com/mikes-ski-tours/</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2017-10-22T02:23:09Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Avalanche Education */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: https://vimeo.com/36119535 and http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue and Rescue Equipment ==<br />
;Beacon Searching 101 (by BCA, 2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: <br />
;Transceiver Software Updates: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/updating.asp<br />
<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises ==<br />
;Route-Finding Interactive On-line Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
== Map reading ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm; http://howtowilderness.com/map-training/<br />
;How to Use a Compass with a Topo Map: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/compass.html<br />
;Interactive Map tutorial: http://voyager.cs.bgsu.edu/topo/topo.html<br />
;Guide to Topo Map Margins: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/map_margins_2p.pdf<br />
; Using a GPS with a Paper Map:http://www.n-sda.org/files/education/maps/UsingaGarminGPSwithPaperLandMaps_Manual.pdf<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Video/Media Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
; The Human Factor 1.0: http://www.powder.com/the-human-factor-1.0/<br />
; The Human Factor 2.0: http://features.powder.com/human-factor-2.0/chapter-1<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center local providers: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/education<br />
<br />
<br />
== Beacons software and testing == (as of 10/2017)<br />
;Beacon reviews http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/transceiver_overview.asp<br />
;Barryvox (Mammut) Firmware 4.0 - update and test by <br />
;Tracker testing (BCA) - testing checklist http://backcountryaccess.com/product/avalanche-transceiver-tracker-2/<br />
;Ortovox https://www.ortovox.com/us/services/emergency-equipment/avalanche-transceivers/update/<br />
;Pieps Service Centers http://www.pieps.com/en/dealer?keys=&&lat=39.327962&lon=-120.18325329999999<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2017-10-22T02:21:25Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Rescue */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: https://vimeo.com/36119535 and http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue and Rescue Equipment ==<br />
;Beacon Searching 101 (by BCA, 2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: <br />
;Transceiver Software Updates: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/updating.asp<br />
<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises ==<br />
;Route-Finding Interactive On-line Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
== Map reading ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm; http://howtowilderness.com/map-training/<br />
;How to Use a Compass with a Topo Map: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/compass.html<br />
;Interactive Map tutorial: http://voyager.cs.bgsu.edu/topo/topo.html<br />
;Guide to Topo Map Margins: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/map_margins_2p.pdf<br />
; Using a GPS with a Paper Map:http://www.n-sda.org/files/education/maps/UsingaGarminGPSwithPaperLandMaps_Manual.pdf<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Video/Media Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
; The Human Factor 1.0: http://www.powder.com/the-human-factor-1.0/<br />
; The Human Factor 2.0: http://features.powder.com/human-factor-2.0/chapter-1<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center local providers: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/education<br />
;NSP Avalanche Level 1 - Jan 28/29 at Pinecrest and tour on Feb 5 at Castle Peak.<br />
<br />
== Beacons software and testing == (as of 9/2016)<br />
;Beacon reviews http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/transceiver_overview.asp<br />
;Barryvox (Mammut) Firmware 4.0 - update and test by <br />
;Tracker testing (BCA) - testing checklist http://backcountryaccess.com/product/avalanche-transceiver-tracker-2/<br />
;Ortovox https://www.ortovox.com/us/services/emergency-equipment/avalanche-transceivers/update/<br />
;Pieps Service Centers http://www.pieps.com/en/dealer?keys=&&lat=39.327962&lon=-120.18325329999999<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Main_PageMain Page2017-07-04T21:06:15Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Training Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
''' Welcome to TBSPedia, the online resource for the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol and all users of the Tahoe Backcountry!'''<br />
<br />
== Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:TBSP 2007.jpg|thumb|320px|right|TBSP Patrollers geting a briefing on helicopter protocols]]<br />
<br />
;[[About TBSP| About Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol]]: Learn more about the patrol and our activities.<br />
;[[Press and Media| TBSP in the News]]: News articles and press clippings about Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[PatrolManual|Patrol Manual]]:Read up on the policies and protocols of the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
<br />
== Joining the Patrol ==<br />
;[[TBSP Introduction| Join the Patrol]]: Introduction to the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol! Instructions for prospective candidates.<br />
;[[SkiAlong|Ski-Along]]: Schedule an on-the-snow introduction to backcountry patrolling.<br />
<videoflash>qG472-hUi84</videoflash><br />
<br />
== Training Resources ==<br />
;[[Video Training]]: Training Videos for and about TBSP<br />
;[[Avalanche Related Resources]]: Links for our Avalanche course students.<br />
<br />
==OEC Training Resources ==<br />
;[[South Bay OEC]]: http://oecsouthbay.blogspot.com/<br />
;[[East Bay OEC]]: http://eastbay-oec.org/<br />
<br />
== Resources for the Backcountry ==<br />
;[[Current conditions]]: Links for up to date weather, traffic and avalanche information.<br />
;[[Miscellaneous]]: Links for physical conditioning, tree-well immersion, etc.<br />
;[[PGH_Route|Simple GPS route to Peter Grubb Hut]]: http://wiki.tbsp.org/PGH_Route<br />
<br />
== Information for Patrollers ==<br />
;[[Search And Rescue]]: Information and Signup Instructions for the Search and Rescue Team.<br />
;[[Operations - things to fix]]: Bulletin board for posting items needing attention, or volunteering to fix it!.<br />
;[[Senior Program]]: Information on how and why to become a Senior Patroller in TBSP.</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2016-11-15T06:34:30Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Avalanche Education */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue ==<br />
;Beacon Searching 101 (by BCA, 2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/Manuals.asp/<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises ==<br />
;Route-Finding Interactive On-line Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
== Map reading ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm; http://howtowilderness.com/map-training/<br />
;How to Use a Compass with a Topo Map: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/compass.html<br />
;Interactive Map tutorial: http://voyager.cs.bgsu.edu/topo/topo.html<br />
;Guide to Topo Map Margins: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/map_margins_2p.pdf<br />
; Using a GPS with a Paper Map:http://www.n-sda.org/files/education/maps/UsingaGarminGPSwithPaperLandMaps_Manual.pdf<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Video/Media Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
; The Human Factor 1.0: http://www.powder.com/the-human-factor-1.0/<br />
; The Human Factor 2.0: http://features.powder.com/human-factor-2.0/chapter-1<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center local providers: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/education<br />
;NSP Avalanche Level 1 - Jan 28/29 at Pinecrest and tour on Feb 5 at Castle Peak.<br />
<br />
== Beacons software and testing == (as of 9/2016)<br />
;Beacon reviews http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/transceiver_overview.asp<br />
;Barryvox (Mammut) Firmware 4.0 - update and test by <br />
;Tracker testing (BCA) - testing checklist http://backcountryaccess.com/product/avalanche-transceiver-tracker-2/<br />
;Ortovox https://www.ortovox.com/us/services/emergency-equipment/avalanche-transceivers/update/<br />
;Pieps Service Centers http://www.pieps.com/en/dealer?keys=&&lat=39.327962&lon=-120.18325329999999<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2016-10-20T14:39:17Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Avalanche Education */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue ==<br />
;Beacon Searching 101 (by BCA, 2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/Manuals.asp/<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises ==<br />
;Route-Finding Interactive On-line Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
== Map reading ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm; http://howtowilderness.com/map-training/<br />
;How to Use a Compass with a Topo Map: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/compass.html<br />
;Interactive Map tutorial: http://voyager.cs.bgsu.edu/topo/topo.html<br />
;Guide to Topo Map Margins: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/map_margins_2p.pdf<br />
; Using a GPS with a Paper Map:http://www.n-sda.org/files/education/maps/UsingaGarminGPSwithPaperLandMaps_Manual.pdf<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Video/Media Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
; The Human Factor 1.0: http://www.powder.com/the-human-factor-1.0/<br />
; The Human Factor 2.0: http://features.powder.com/human-factor-2.0/chapter-1<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center local providers:http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/education<br />
;<br />
<br />
<br />
== Beacons software and testing == (as of 9/2016)<br />
;Beacon reviews http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/transceiver_overview.asp<br />
;Barryvox (Mammut) Firmware 4.0 - update and test by <br />
;Tracker testing (BCA) - testing checklist http://backcountryaccess.com/product/avalanche-transceiver-tracker-2/<br />
;Ortovox https://www.ortovox.com/us/services/emergency-equipment/avalanche-transceivers/update/<br />
;Pieps Service Centers http://www.pieps.com/en/dealer?keys=&&lat=39.327962&lon=-120.18325329999999<br />
;<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2016-01-16T22:50:40Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Rescue */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue ==<br />
;Beacon Searching 101 (by BCA, 2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/Manuals.asp/<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises ==<br />
;Route-Finding Interactive On-line Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
== Map reading ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm; http://howtowilderness.com/map-training/<br />
;How to Use a Compass with a Topo Map: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/compass.html<br />
;Interactive Map tutorial: http://voyager.cs.bgsu.edu/topo/topo.html<br />
;Guide to Topo Map Margins: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/map_margins_2p.pdf<br />
; Using a GPS with a Paper Map:http://www.n-sda.org/files/education/maps/UsingaGarminGPSwithPaperLandMaps_Manual.pdf<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Video/Media Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
; The Human Factor 1.0: http://www.powder.com/the-human-factor-1.0/<br />
; The Human Factor 2.0: http://features.powder.com/human-factor-2.0/chapter-1<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center local providers:http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/education<br />
;<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2016-01-16T22:49:17Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Education */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue ==<br />
;Beacon Searching (2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/Manuals.asp/<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises ==<br />
;Route-Finding Interactive On-line Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
== Map reading ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm; http://howtowilderness.com/map-training/<br />
;How to Use a Compass with a Topo Map: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/compass.html<br />
;Interactive Map tutorial: http://voyager.cs.bgsu.edu/topo/topo.html<br />
;Guide to Topo Map Margins: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/map_margins_2p.pdf<br />
; Using a GPS with a Paper Map:http://www.n-sda.org/files/education/maps/UsingaGarminGPSwithPaperLandMaps_Manual.pdf<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Video/Media Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
; The Human Factor 1.0: http://www.powder.com/the-human-factor-1.0/<br />
; The Human Factor 2.0: http://features.powder.com/human-factor-2.0/chapter-1<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center local providers:http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/education<br />
;<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2016-01-16T22:45:39Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Map reading */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue ==<br />
;Beacon Searching (2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/Manuals.asp/<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises ==<br />
;Route-Finding Interactive On-line Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
== Map reading ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm; http://howtowilderness.com/map-training/<br />
;How to Use a Compass with a Topo Map: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/compass.html<br />
;Interactive Map tutorial: http://voyager.cs.bgsu.edu/topo/topo.html<br />
;Guide to Topo Map Margins: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/map_margins_2p.pdf<br />
; Using a GPS with a Paper Map:http://www.n-sda.org/files/education/maps/UsingaGarminGPSwithPaperLandMaps_Manual.pdf<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Video/Media Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
; The Human Factor 1.0: http://www.powder.com/the-human-factor-1.0/<br />
; The Human Factor 2.0: http://features.powder.com/human-factor-2.0/chapter-1<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2016-01-16T22:43:49Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Avalanche Archive */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue ==<br />
;Beacon Searching (2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/Manuals.asp/<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises ==<br />
;Route-Finding Interactive On-line Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
== Map reading ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm; http://howtowilderness.com/map-training/<br />
;How to Use a Compass with a Topo Map: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/compass.html<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Video/Media Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
; The Human Factor 1.0: http://www.powder.com/the-human-factor-1.0/<br />
; The Human Factor 2.0: http://features.powder.com/human-factor-2.0/chapter-1<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2016-01-16T22:30:20Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Map reading, Route-finding, On-line Maps Tools, and Exercises */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue ==<br />
;Beacon Searching (2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/Manuals.asp/<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Maps Tools with Slope Angle, and Route-finding Exercises ==<br />
;Route-Finding Interactive On-line Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
== Map reading ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm; http://howtowilderness.com/map-training/<br />
;How to Use a Compass with a Topo Map: http://education.usgs.gov/lessons/compass.html<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2016-01-16T22:12:33Z<p>EricChesmar: /* On-line Tools and Exercises */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue ==<br />
;Beacon Searching (2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/Manuals.asp/<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== Map reading, Route-finding, On-line Maps Tools, and Exercises ==<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Route-Finding Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2016-01-16T22:08:43Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue ==<br />
;Beacon Searching (2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/Manuals.asp/<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Tools and Exercises ==<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Route-Finding Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2016-01-16T22:08:09Z<p>EricChesmar: /* On-line Tools and Exercises */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association): http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
;Crested Butte Avalanche Center Glossary: http://cbavalanchecenter.org/glossary/<br />
;Avalanche Terms (American Avalanche Association): http://www.avalanche.org/moonstone/biblio%20&%20gloss/AVALANCHE%20TERMS.htm<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue ==<br />
;Beacon Searching (2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/Manuals.asp/<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Tools and Exercises ==<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial (video): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWz9StwPKSE<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Route-Finding Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Introduction to Topographical maps: http://faculty.icc.edu/estermer/reading_a_topographic_map.htm<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
== Recommended Reading ==<br />
;Snow Sense, Jill Fredston & Doug Fesler, Fifth Edition (2011)<br />
;Avalanche Essentials, Bruce Tremper (2013)<br />
;Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, Bruce Tremper (2008)<br />
;Avalanche Handbook, David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006)</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Appendix_H:_Map_and_Compass_SkillsAppendix H: Map and Compass Skills2016-01-16T21:26:01Z<p>EricChesmar: /* GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) USES */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Map and Compass Guidelines ==<br />
<br />
=== Selecting Maps ===<br />
<br />
TBSP recommends the following maps for patrollers. Basic map characteristics should include:<br />
* 1:24000 scale<br />
* Waterproof paper<br />
* UTM and Lat/Long coordinate systems<br />
* Large enough to include surrounding peaks (For resectioning)<br />
* By convention, patrol maps use NAD27 CONUS<br />
<br />
[[Maps|Order nifty waterproof maps of our patrol areas, with UTM and Lat/Long grid lines at mytopo.com.]]<br />
<br />
=== Selecting a compass ===<br />
A good compass with declination adjustment, sighting mirror and clinometer (Suunto MC 2G or Silva Ranger Type<br />
15CL, aka CL515) costs $55-$70. Buy a good one. The following discussion assumes you have followed this advice.<br />
Consequently, it does not deal with the procedures and calculations required to correct for declination if your compass<br />
does not have a declination adjustment feature. (If you insist on using a compass without declination adjustment, these<br />
procedures can be explained in the field, but they are confusing and difficult to remember. Don't say we didn't warn<br />
you.)<br />
=== Declination adjustment ===<br />
The Magnetic North Pole lies to the south of true North Pole, which causes an error in compass readings known as<br />
declination. The value of declination for a particular area is found on the lower left corner of all USGS maps. For our<br />
purposes, declination of 17o east is sufficient for all maps. To adjust your compass, simply insert the small key into the<br />
screw on the bottom of your compass and turn the screw until the mark at the rear of the orienting arrow lines up with<br />
17o east declination. Now, unlike those who have compasses without declination adjustment, you will never have to<br />
worry about declination again.<br />
=== Map bearings ===<br />
* Mark (or note) your position and destination on the map.<br />
* Place the long side of the compass base plate on these two points so that the cover is towards your destination. If necessary, the cover of the compass or a ruler can be used as an extension of the base plate.<br />
* Turn the bezel until the meridian lines on the compass capsule are parallel with the meridian lines on the map (or the left or right border of the map) and N on the bezel is on the north side of the capsule with reference to the map.<br />
* The bearing from your location to your destination can now be read at the index pointer (centered luminous mark near the hinge of the compass).<br />
<br />
To transfer this bearing to the field, simply turn your body until the needle is centered on the orienting arrow and the<br />
colors match (red with red and black with black). [After dark, turn your body until the luminous point on the needle lies<br />
between the luminous points on either side of the orienting arrow.] The sighting line through the mirror indicates your<br />
direction of travel.<br />
=== Orienting (setting) the map ===<br />
To orient your map (only necessary when in the field), follow the same procedure described above, but leave the<br />
compass on the map and turn the map instead of your body. Once the map is oriented, you can compare field<br />
topographical features with those depicted on the map.<br />
=== Taking field bearings ===<br />
* open the cover to approximately 60o.<br />
* place the lanyard around your neck and raise the compass to eye level while holding it level with both hands, and hold it as far from your body as possible so the lanyard is tight.<br />
* close one eye (always close the same eye) and sight through the notch in the cover (mirror), turning your body until the landmark is precisely above the notch, AND the vertical centerline of the mirror appears to intersect the axis of the needle.<br />
* while maintaining the above position, look into the mirror and turn the bezel until the needle is within and parallel to the orienting arrow as observed in the mirror.<br />
* read the bearing at the index pointer (centered luminous mark near the hinge of the compass).<br />
=== Finding your location using two or more landmarks ===<br />
* Take a bearing on a known landmark as described above.<br />
* to transfer this bearing to the map, place the compass on the map and open the cover wide so the long edge of the compass intersects the known landmark.<br />
* turn the compass edge around the known landmark until the meridian lines on the capsule are parallel with the meridian lines (or the left or right border) of the map, and the N mark on the bezel is on the north side (on the map) of the capsule.<br />
* starting from the known landmark, draw a line along the edge of the compass in the direction of your approximate location.<br />
* repeat the process using a second landmark approximately 90o from the first landmark.<br />
* your location is the point where the two lines intersect.<br />
* for improved accuracy, repeat the procedure using a third landmark. A line from the third point should intersect at approximately the same point<br />
=== Using the clinometer ===<br />
We use the clinometer to measure slope angle, a critical indicator of avalanche propensity, and alpha angles, which<br />
indicate whether you are in a potential avalanche run out zone:<br />
* turn the bezel until it reads 270o at the index pointer.<br />
* position the compass so the long edge is parallel with the surface to be measured and the base plate aligns with the vertical plane (this allows the clinometer pointer to turn freely).<br />
* open the compass cover to approximately 30o.<br />
* steady the compass with both hands and sight along the top edge of the base plate. Looking into the mirror,<br />
read the angle indicated by the clinometer pointer.<br />
== GRID COORDINATE SYSTEMS ==<br />
Patrollers must know how to determine their location on a USGS or Forest Service map and how to move from one<br />
location to another using a map and compass. Patrollers also must know how to direct helicopters to a pre-determined<br />
landing sites, and be able to use a map and compass to reach such sites.<br />
In order to be able to express their location to various rescue personnel, patrollers must learn three systems of map<br />
coordinates: <br />
# Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) which is used by many search and rescue organizations, <br />
# Public Land System (PLS), also called "Township and Range," which is used by the Forest Service; and <br />
# geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude), which are used by rescue helicopters and other aircraft. <br />
<br />
Coordinates for all three systems are found on every USGS map we use.<br />
Some search and rescue organizations and air medical services use computer software to convert among various<br />
coordinate systems, but not all organizations have software or personnel capable of converting among all three systems.<br />
Consequently, we must be able to express our location in all three grid coordinate systems.<br />
Most map and compass training will be done in the field. Field training will concentrate on locating positions and<br />
plotting courses using landmarks and a map and compass. We will not spend much time on grid coordinate systems in<br />
the field. The following sections describe each of the three grid coordinate systems used to determine specific map<br />
locations. Examples are based upon the USGS 7.5 minute Norden Quadrangle map.<br />
You should attempt to master this material before you begin field training in order to gain a more complete<br />
understanding of this critical subject. It may seem overwhelming at first, but if you go through each system several<br />
times and do the sample problems you should be able to master all three systems. Instructors will attempt to answer any<br />
questions you have regarding the written material.<br />
<br />
=== Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) ===<br />
==== Basis of system ====<br />
Distance is measured in meters north and south from the equator and east from a central meridian. <br />
<br />
From the wikipedia entry for UTM: The point of origin of each UTM zone is the intersection of the equator and the zone's central meridian, but to avoid dealing with negative numbers the central meridian of each zone is set at 500,000 meters East. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system<br />
<br />
==== Map marks ====<br />
UTM grid coordinates are the series of black numbers on the white border of the map next to the blue grid ticks. For<br />
example, in the upper left margin of the 7.5-minute Norden Quadrangle appears the number 4361000N. The blue grid tick<br />
to the right of this number marks a distance 4,361 kilometers (4,361,000 meters) north of the equator. In the left end of<br />
the top margin of the map, just below the words "GEOLOGICAL SURVEY" is the number 727000E. The blue grid tick<br />
to the left of this number marks a distance 727 kilometers (727,000 meters) east of the principal meridian. Other similar<br />
numbers on the map eliminate the 000m and express the distance only in kilometers.<br />
==== Using the map marks to describe a location ====<br />
Forget all of the superscript numbers. Henceforth, 4361000N will be referred to as 61, and 728 as 28. To learn how to<br />
describe your location, let's use an example from the Norden 7.5 minute map:<br />
* locate the summit of Donner Peak in the middle of your Norden 7.5 minute map.<br />
* draw an imaginary north-south line from your position to the top or bottom margin of the map, and note the blue UTM grid tick numbers on either side of the point where your imaginary line intersects the map margin. The numbers should be 31 and 32. [Note that while the blue grid ticks are always present, often the numbers are missing and you have to extrapolate them from nearby grid tick references. For example, at the bottom of the map, the reference to 32 is missing, and at the top, the reference to 31 is missing.]<br />
* Do the same exercise using an east-west imaginary line to the left or right margin of the map, noting the blue grid ticks above and below the point where your imaginary line intersects the map margin. You should fall between grid ticks 54 and 55.<br />
* Now draw a line between grid tick 31 on the top and grid tick 31 on the bottom of the map. If you don't have a straight edge long enough (and you won't in the field), fold over one edge of the map and use it as a straight edge to connect the two "31" grid ticks. Be certain that the edge of the map is flat or your line will be off. Next, do the same exercise to connect grid ticks 32, 53 and 54. [We strongly suggest that for training purposes you draw the entire UTM grid on your Norden 7.5 minute map.]<br />
* Note that the lines you have drawn have created a square box around the Donner Peak reference point. [In the future, you only have to create this "box," and it is unnecessary to draw complete lines between the grid ticks.] Notice that the lines you have drawn are not parallel to the edges of the map, but are slightly skewed. This is because the UTM grid system is not based upon True North, but your map is. From now on, you will focus on the "box" you have just created.<br />
* within the box draw a line, parallel to the left and right sides of the box, from the summit of Donner Peak to the nearer of the top or bottom margin of the box. [In this case, the bottom margin.]<br />
* divide the distance along the bottom margin into ten equal parts, and record where your line intersects the box margin to the nearest tenth. You should find that your line intersected the bottom margin of the box 8 tenths of the distance from grid line 31 (the left side of the box) to grid line 32 (the right side of the box), and thus you should record 318. [It is actually 31.8, but the decimal point is eliminated.] [Try using your UTM grid reader to speed this process.]<br />
* next, draw a line, parallel to the top and bottom margins of the box, from the summit of Donner Peak to the nearer of the left or right margins of the box. [In this case, the right margin.]<br />
* again, record where the line falls to the nearest tenth. You should find that the line intersects the right box margin 3 tenths of the distance from grid line 54 to grid line 55, and thus you should record 543.<br />
* then simply combine the two three digit numbers into one six-digit number, giving the east-west coordinate before the north-south coordinate. In our example 318 and 543 would produce "UTM 318543 on the 7.5 minute Norden Quadrangle." (Note that we reference the particular map because you might get a slightly different reading using a 15-minute map of the same area.)<br />
<br />
PRATICE PROBLEM 1: Try determining the UTM location of the triangle marking the tablet atop Anderson Peak,<br />
located roughly 1 3/4 inches from the bottom margin and 6 1/2 inches from the right margin. See answer 1 on last page<br />
of this appendix.<br />
<br />
=== Public Land System (Township and Range) ===<br />
==== Basis of system ====<br />
Figures 2 and 3 of this article describe the Township and Range system used by the Forest Service. Because we<br />
patrol pursuant to volunteer agreements with the Forest Service and use their radio system, we must know how to<br />
communicate in a language the Forest Service's radio dispatcher understands. Once you understand the basic Township<br />
and Range system, return to this page to learn how to more precisely express a particular location using this system.<br />
==== Map marks ====<br />
Township, Range and Section boundaries are marked in red on USGS maps. If the line is dashed, it means its location is<br />
approximate. Township (T.) and Range (R.) designations are found along the margins of the map wherever there is a<br />
Township or Range boundary (as contrasted with a Section boundary). Township and Range designations also appear in<br />
the body of the map where appropriate to mark a deviation in the boundary. Section numbers appear in red in the center<br />
of each Section. For example, the Peter Grubb Hut is located in Section 2, T. 17 N., R. 14 E.<br />
Using the map marks to describe a location<br />
==== To describe a particular point within a section: ====<br />
* find the Township and Range, and the section<br />
* divide the Section into four equal quarters, also know as quadrants.<br />
* subdivide the quadrant in which you are located (or wish to describe) into four sub-quadrants.<br />
* describe the tract in which you are located in terms of the sub-quadrant, quadrants, Section, Township and Range. This method describes your location in a 40-acre tract (a quarter-mile by quarter-mile square).<br />
* for example: the Peter Grubb Hut is located in the "Southwest 1/4, (of the) Northeast 1/4, Section 2, Township 17 North, Range 14 East." Because this is too vague a description for someone trying to find you, when dealing with the USFS, you should give this description, but also give a UTM or geographical coordinate depending on which rescue agency you expect to respond. It wouldn't hurt to give all three. Alternatively, you can measure the distance from the east or west boundary and the north or south boundary of the section, using the scale at the bottom of the map:<br />
* use a ruler, piece of paper or a stick to measure from the left or right (east or west) boundary of the section to your location. Record the distance in feet.<br />
* do the same from the top or bottom (north or south) boundary of the section.<br />
* e.g., the Peter Grubb Hut can be described as being in "Section 2, Township 17 North, Range 14 East, at a point 1500 feet West of the Eastern boundary of the section and 2400 feet South of the Northern boundary of the section." A mouthful, but they will find you.<br />
<br />
PRATICE PROBLEM 2: Try describing the location of Anderson Peak in both "Township and Range" methods. See<br />
answer 2 on last page of this appendix.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mapsfig1.png|thumb|300px|EXAMPLE OF TOWNSHIP & RANGE PUBLIC LAND SUBDIVISIONS]]<br />
<br />
Townships are numbered north and south of the base line. <br />
Ranges are numbered east and west of a principal meridian.<br />
The designated abbreviation would read: Township 3 South, Range 45 East.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mapsfig2a.png|thumb|300px|EXAMPLE OF TOWNSHIP & RANGE PUBLIC LAND SUBDIVISIONS]]<br />
<br />
* Each Township is 6 miles square, and divided into 36 Sections. Each Section is 1 mile square.<br />
* One Section contains 640 acres which can be subdivided into smaller tracts.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mapsfig2c.png|thumb|300px|EXAMPLE OF TOWNSHIP & RANGE PUBLIC LAND SUBDIVISIONS]]<br />
<br />
* A Section can also be subdivided into (16) 40-acre tracts which can be designated by cardinal directions. <br />
* A legal description of this parcel of 40 acres(beginning with the smallest designation first) will read: ýSE 1D4 NE 1D4, Section 36, T. 3 S R. 45 E.ý<br />
<br />
=== Geographic Coordinates (Latitude and Longitude) ===<br />
==== Basis of system ====<br />
<br />
Geographic coordinates use the degree as the basic unit of measurement, with subdivisions into minutes and seconds.<br />
The origin of this system is off the west coast of Africa, where the Greenwich meridian (0o longitude) intersects the<br />
equator (0o latitude). Latitude is measured north or south of the equator up to 90o at the poles, and longitude is measured<br />
west or east of the Greenwich meridian up to 180o in the Pacific Ocean. The contiguous states, Hawaii and most of<br />
Alaska are in latitude north and longitude west. Therefore, "north" and "west" may be dropped when giving geographic<br />
coordinates in the U.S. In the U.S. latitude and longitude cannot be confused with each other because the range of<br />
numbers used to describe each are so different. However, by convention latitude is normally given first.<br />
==== Map marks ====<br />
Each corner of a USGS map contains a latitude and longitude reference. Latitude references are on the left and right<br />
margins and longitude on the top and bottom margins. An easy way to remember which is which is that San Francisco is<br />
at (roughly) latitude 38, so all of our latitude references will be near 38. [Or remember that in the U.S. the longer<br />
number is for longitude (3 digits versus 2 digits for latitude).<br />
The border of each USGS 7.5 minute map is divided into three 2.5 minute sections, marked by a minute reference (or<br />
minute and 30 second reference if it falls between minutes) and a black tick extending into the body of the map. For<br />
example, one-third of the way up the left or right hand margin of the 7.5 minute Norden Quadrangle is the reference<br />
17'30", which is really 39 °17'30". Similarly, one-third of the way across the top or bottom margin from the left border is<br />
the designation 20', which is really 120 °20'.<br />
==== Using the map marks to describe a location ====<br />
Plotting approximate latitude and longitude on a topo map in the field is a relatively simple process. There are two ways<br />
to do it, mathematically and geometrically. Fortunately, on the maps we use the two methods are virtually identical, and<br />
produce a third method which we call Quick and Dirty (Q&D). We will describe the Q&D method first, but remember<br />
that it will only work on our maps. [Note: The easiest method involves use of the Lat/Long Scale we provided. Skip<br />
ahead to p. 15, subsection (d) and learn this method first, then come back and learn the other methods.]<br />
For all three methods, first use a straight edge to transfer the point you wish to describe to the nearest horizontal and<br />
vertical edges of the map, as you would in calculating UTM coordinates. You must now estimate the linear distances<br />
between your points and the nearest lesser latitude or longitude references on the borders of the map and express those<br />
distances in minutes and seconds.<br />
All three methods are based on the fact that the distance between geographical coordinate ticks on the map are 2'30", as<br />
described above. Because there are 60" in one minute, 2'30" equals 150". Consequently, if we can divide distance<br />
between geographical grid ticks into 150 equal parts, we can describe the points we have transferred to the map borders<br />
to the nearest second.<br />
<br />
===== Quick and Dirty method =====<br />
Fortunately, on our maps, the distance between geographical grid ticks for both latitude and longitude is easily divisible<br />
into 150 segments. The distance between grid ticks on the top and bottom borders (longitude) is approximately 150 mm,<br />
so each millimeter equals 1 second. The distance between geographical grid ticks on the left and right borders (latitude)<br />
is approximately 7.5 inches, so each inch equals 20 seconds, and each 1/4" equals 5 seconds.<br />
To determine geographical location, simply find your position in seconds, then convert to minutes and seconds as<br />
necessary. For longitude, simply measure in millimeters along the top or bottom border from the next lowest mark to<br />
your intersecting point. This is the number of seconds to add to determine longitude. For latitude, simply measure the<br />
number of inches from the next lowest latitude mark to your intersecting mark and multiply by 20 (seconds per inch) to<br />
get the number of seconds to add to the next lowest latitude reference.<br />
To determine the latitude and longitude of the Peter Grubb Hut (PGH):<br />
* first draw lines to intersect the nearby top and left borders of the map.<br />
* the distance from the next lowest geographical grid tick (20', or 120o20') to the mark you placed across the top border of the map is approximately 120 millimeters.<br />
* 120 mm x 1 second/mm = 120 seconds. 120 seconds ÷ 60 seconds/minute = 2.0 minutes.<br />
* add the 2 minutes to the 120o20' (next lowest longitude mark) and the longitude of the Peter Grubb Hut is 120o22'.<br />
To determine the latitude of the Peter Grubb Hut:<br />
* measure the distance from the nearest latitude mark below your transferred mark to your mark. This distance is approximately 6.25 inches.<br />
* 6.25 inches x 20 seconds/inch = 125 seconds.<br />
* to convert the seconds to minutes and seconds, divide your answer by 60 seconds/minute. 125 seconds ÷ 60 seconds/minute = 2'5".<br />
* add the 2'5" to the latitude mark you measured from (20', or 39o20'). 39o20' + 2'5" = 39o22'5".<br />
<br />
Consequently, the Peter Grubb Hut lies at latitude 39o22'5", longitude 120o22' determined by the quick and dirty method.<br />
[Note that we don't give the full designation of "latitude 39o22'5" north, longitude 120o22' west." Because everything in<br />
the Northern Hemisphere is "north" latitude, and almost everything in the United States is "west" longitude, we drop the<br />
"north" and "west" designations when giving geographic coordinates in the U.S.] Adding an elevation reference (in this<br />
case "7800 feet") is helpful but not essential.<br />
===== Mathematical method =====<br />
The Q&D method is actually the mathematical method without long division calculations. With the mathematical<br />
method, you simply measure the distance between the next lowest geographical grid tick and your mark, and divide that<br />
distance by the distance between geographical grid ticks:<br />
* first, measure and record the distance between geographic grid ticks on the map. E.g., the distance between longitude marks on the top or bottom edge of the Norden 7.5 map is about 150 mm.<br />
* then, measure from the nearest geographical grid tick to the right of where your point bisects the top or bottom map border of the map.<br />
* take that figure, in millimeters, and divide it by 150 mm, then multiply by 2.5, the number of minutes between geographical grid ticks. This will give you a figure in minutes.<br />
* to convert your answer to minutes and seconds, simply multiply the fractional portion of your answer by 60 seconds/minute.<br />
* then add your answer to the longitude of the nearest geographical grid tick to the right of your point (i.e., the nearest grid tick below your point).<br />
<br />
Use the same process to determine latitude, but note that the distance between geographical grid ticks on the left and<br />
right borders of the map is approximately 190 mm rather than 150 mm.<br />
To determine the latitude and longitude of the Peter Grubb Hut, first draw lines to intersect the nearby top and left<br />
borders of the map:<br />
* the distance from the 20' (120o20') grid tick to the mark you placed across the top border of the map is approximately 120 millimeters.<br />
* 120 mm/150 mm x 2.5 minutes = 2 minutes.<br />
* add the 2 minutes to the 120o20' (nearest longitude grid tick to the right) and the longitude of the Peter Grubb Hut is 120o22'.<br />
To determine the latitude of the Peter Grubb Hut:<br />
* measure the distance from the nearest latitude mark below your transferred mark to your mark. This distance is approximately 158 millimeters.<br />
* 158 mm/190 mm x 2.5 minutes = 2.08. To convert the fractional portion of your answer to seconds, multiply it by 60. .08 minutes x 60 seconds/minute = 4.8 seconds. Round it to 5 seconds to produce 2'5".<br />
* add the 2'5" to the latitude mark you measured from. 39o 20' + 2'5" = 39o22'5".<br />
<br />
Consequently, the Peter Grubb Hut lies at latitude 39o22'5", longitude 120o22' determined by the mathematical method,<br />
the same answer we obtained using the Q&D method.<br />
<br />
===== Geometrical method =====<br />
(see Figure 3): If you can remember how to do long division or have a pocket calculator with<br />
you, the mathematical method is quickest. However, if the calculations give you a headache, try this method.<br />
To determine latitude or longitude geometrically:<br />
* draw a line from the nearest reference point below your mark at an angle approximately 30o inward from the map border and approximately the distance between that point and the next highest geographical reference point. [See line A-B on the map excerpt on page 13 of this appendix.] The exact angle is not important, nor is the length of the line, but it should be approximately the length of the distance between longitude grid ticks on your map.<br />
* consider this line to be divided into 150 equal increments. The figure 150 represents the number of seconds between geographical grid ticks on a 7.5 minute map (2.5 minutes x 60 seconds/minute = 150 seconds). On the Norden 7.5 map the distance is approximately 150 mm - extremely convenient for our purposes. Consequently, measure 150 mm along your 30 ° line and mark that point (see point B on the excerpt).<br />
* connect that point (B) with the next highest longitudinal mark on the border of your map (point C) by drawing a line between those two points (line B-C).<br />
* now draw a line parallel to your last drawn line from your intersecting mark (point X) to the 30 ° line (see line D-X). Be certain that lines B-C and D-X are parallel.<br />
* next, measure along the 30 ° line from the beginning (point A) to the point (D) where your last drawn line (D-X) intersects the 30 ° line (point D). This measurement (line A-D) is the number of seconds to be added to determine the correct longitude. Because in this case 1 mm = 1 second, you don't have to do any calculations to convert from millimeters to seconds.<br />
<br />
To determine latitude, use the same method, but a different base measurement. The 150 mm trick won't work because<br />
the distance is approximately 190 mm. However, as we learned in the quick and dirty method, it is also approximately<br />
7.5 inches, so each inch equals 20 seconds, and each 1/4 inch equals 5 seconds. Consequently, make all latitude<br />
measurements in inches rather than millimeters.<br />
To determine the geographic coordinates of the Peter Grubb Hut by the geometrical method, first draw lines from the hut<br />
to intersect the nearby top and left borders of the map. To determine longitude (points X and Y on the map excerpt):<br />
<br />
* draw a line from the 20' mark on the top border (just above the red section 29 number) diagonally downward to the left at an angle of approximately 30o. Draw it all the way to the left border of the map. Then measure along this line 150 mm from where you started and make a mark (point B).<br />
* connect this point with the upper left corner of the map (the next highest longitude grid tick). [See line B-C.]<br />
* draw a line parallel to your last line from the Peter Grubb Hut mark on the top border (point X) to the 30o line. [See line D-X.] Be certain that lines B-C and D-X are parallel.<br />
* measure along the 30o line from the 20' mark (point A) to the point where the second parallel line meets the 30o line (point D). It should be approximately 120 mm. [Sound familiar?]<br />
* 120 mm x 1 second/mm = 120 seconds ÷ 60 seconds/minute = 2 minutes. Add the 2 minutes to 120o20' and you have 120o22' for Peter Grubb Hut longitude.<br />
<br />
To determine Peter Grubb Hut latitude, employ the same process:<br />
* draw the 30o line upward to the right from the 20' (39o20') mark (point E) on the left border of the map.<br />
* measure off 7.5 inches on the 30o line and draw a line from that point (F) to the upper left corner of the map (point C). [See line C-F.]<br />
* draw a line, parallel to your last drawn line, from the Peter Grubb Hut intersecting point on the left border (point Y) to the 30o line. [See line G-Y.] Be certain that lines C-F and G-Y are parallel.<br />
* measure the distance from the 20' mark (point E) to this point on the 30o line (point G) in inches - it should be approximately 6.25 inches. [See line E-G.]<br />
* 6.25 inches x 20 seconds/inch = 125 seconds.<br />
* 125 seconds ÷ 60 seconds/minute = 2'5".<br />
* add 2'5" to 39o20' and you get a latitude of 39o22'5".<br />
<br />
So the geographical coordinates of the Peter Grubb Hut are latitude 39o22'5", longitude 120o22' as determined by the<br />
geometrical method. This is the same answer we got by using the other two methods.<br />
<br />
PRATICE PROBLEM 3: Can you describe the location of Anderson Peak using geographic coordinates? Try all three<br />
methods to see if you can arrive at identical answers. See answer 3 on the last page of this appendix. If you didn't get<br />
the correct answer, please review the text and try again. This material may bend your brain, but it is extremely important<br />
to be able to precisely describe your position in the field.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mapsfig3.png|thumb|300px|EXAMPLE OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE USING GEOMETRICAL METHOD]]<br />
<br />
===== Lat/Long Scale Method: Skewed Scale To Find Position =====<br />
To determine the longitude and latitude of a point using the special longitude/latitude scale, the scale cannot<br />
be laid parallel to the map border because in this orientation the scale does not match the interval and is too<br />
long. The scale must be turned to an angle to find a solution. The following procedure describes how to turn<br />
the scale to find the latitude and longitude of a point.<br />
The 7.5 minute map has tick marks at 2ý30ý intervals along both the horizontal and vertical axis. To carryout<br />
this procedure, straight lines must be drawn across the map and down the map at these 2ý30ý intervals. See<br />
Figure 4 for an example of correct positioning of the scale to find Longitude. Note that the ruler has one side<br />
for measuring distance labeled ýUSGS 7.5ý MAP SCALEý and one side for Latitude/Longitude measuring.<br />
<br />
====== Longitude ======<br />
# On the longitude side of the scale align the first (right) tick mark of the scale on a 2 minute 30 second (2ý30ý) line.<br />
# Align the last (left) tick mark of the scale on the adjacent 2ý30ý line so the scale is straddling the point to be located. The numbers on the longitude scale need to be facing right side up.<br />
# Slide the scale up or down the map (keeping the tick marks on the 2ý30ý lines) until the skewed scale aligns with the desired point on the edge of the scale. The first and last scale tick marks must still be aligned the with the 2ý30ý lines.<br />
# Each tick on the scale has a pair of two-digit numbers that stand for seconds (e.g. 00·30). The first number of the pair allows you to count up the scale starting at 0 seconds., and the second number of the pair allows you to count up the scale starting from 30 seconds. If the longitude line to the right that is being measured off ends in 30ý (e.g. 120o 17ý 30ý), then count on the scale starting with the 30 minute values. If the longitude line being measured from (to the right) is an even minute (e.g. 120o 20ý 00ý), then count on the scale using the numbers starting with 00 minute.<br />
# The longitude position is the sum of the values counted on the scale plus the value of the longitude line measured from.<br />
====== Latitude ======<br />
# On the Latitude side of the scale align the first (bottom of scale) tick mark of the scale on a 2ý30ý line.<br />
# Align the last (top of scale) tick mark of the scale on the adjacent 2ý30ý line straddling the desired point to be measured. The numbers on the latitude scale need to be facing right side up.<br />
# Slide the scale across the map (keeping the tick marks on the 2ý30ý lines) until the scale aligns skewed with the desired point on the edge of the scale. The first and last scale tick marks must still be aligned with the 2ý30ý lines.<br />
# Similar to the longitude, on the Latitude edge of the scale, each tick on the scale has a pair of two- digit numbers that stand for seconds (e.g. 00·30). Count using the pair of numbers similar to Longitude.<br />
# The latitude position is the sum of the values counted on the scale plus the value of the longitude line measured from.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mapsfig4.png|thumb|300px|EXAMPLE OF USE OF LAT/LONG SCALE]]<br />
<br />
=== Position Shorthand ===<br />
Each grid coordinate system is a method for communicating a location, and that location needs to be expressed in a language the receiving party will understand. TBSP has specific guidelines for expressing positions in the coordinate system:<br />
<br />
* '''LAT-LONG''': All lat-long coordinates should be expressed with the DATUM first, like "NAD27 datum, 37 degrees 43.44 minutes north, 118 degrees 30.2 minutes west". When written, a single hash ' represents minutes and a double hash " represents seconds. <br />
* '''UTM''': UTM six digit shorthand is read "right->up", meaning the x or East coordinate is read first, and the y coordinate or North is read second.<br />
* '''Township and Range''': Township/range has no shorthand, and is read from most specific-to-least. <br />
* '''All coordinate systems''': Regardless of the coordinate system, it's always good to specify a couple known landmarks to prevent confusion and to allow the receiving party to double-check the position they are given.<br />
<br />
== GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) USES ==<br />
GPS units can be of great value in locating your current position and for route-finding. However they have their<br />
advantages and disadvantages, and can only supplement, not replace map and compass skills. You have to understand how it works, including the difference between the multiple coordinate systems and how to translate from one to the other. By convention, TBSP Patrol maps use the NAD 27 CONUS system, however most modern GPS units will default to the newer WGS 84 standard. This alone can result in a position error of several hundred meters.<br />
<br />
; ADVANTAGES <br />
* Works in bad visibility when you cannot make a compass sighting <br />
* Can be faster to get the coordinates of your location than a map and compass<br />
* Can convert easily between coordinate systems (i.e. Lat/Long to UTM) <br />
<br />
; DISADVANTAGES<br />
* Batteries have a limited life (and life decreases with lower temperatures ý as little as 4 hours)<br />
* Does not locate you on a map or help route-finding<br />
* Hard to get a sense of map scale on a 2 inch screen<br />
* Satellites may not be very visible (esp. in canyons), or few satellites may give low accuracy<br />
* May not have a compass<br />
<br />
; NECESSARY SKILLS<br />
If one is going to carry a GPS unit, to use it effectively one should master the following skills:<br />
* Basic operation (navigate through screens, changes scales, start/stop navigating, etc)<br />
* Set up the system, including:<br />
** Choose datum. In California, should use North American Datum (NAD27)<br />
** Choose coordinate system and units (for example, if using Lat/Long, the units should be degrees/minutes/second instead of degrees/minutes/tenths of minutes)<br />
** Set up to conserve battery power<br />
* Marking waypoints<br />
* Navigating to waypoints<br />
* Entering waypoints in the field<br />
* Changing coordinate systems (for example, from Lat/Long to UTM)<br />
* Backtracking<br />
<br />
== PRATICE PROBLEM ANSWERS ==<br />
# "333488 on the 7.5 minute Norden Quadrangle."<br />
# "Southwest 1/4, Southeast 1/4, Section 3, Township 16 North, Range 15 East" or, using the alternative method: "Section 3, Township 16 North, Range 15 East, at a point 2350 feet west of the eastern section boundary and 750 feet north of the southern section boundary, at about 8700 feet elevation."<br />
# "Latitude 39°15'33", longitude 120°17'46" at about 8700 feet elevation." [Remember, we always give latitude first, and don't have to express "latitude" and "longitude".]<br />
<br />
If you missed any of these, reread the pertinent sections and try again.<br />
<br />
{{PatrolManual}}</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Appendix_H:_Map_and_Compass_SkillsAppendix H: Map and Compass Skills2016-01-16T21:25:14Z<p>EricChesmar: /* GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) USES */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Map and Compass Guidelines ==<br />
<br />
=== Selecting Maps ===<br />
<br />
TBSP recommends the following maps for patrollers. Basic map characteristics should include:<br />
* 1:24000 scale<br />
* Waterproof paper<br />
* UTM and Lat/Long coordinate systems<br />
* Large enough to include surrounding peaks (For resectioning)<br />
* By convention, patrol maps use NAD27 CONUS<br />
<br />
[[Maps|Order nifty waterproof maps of our patrol areas, with UTM and Lat/Long grid lines at mytopo.com.]]<br />
<br />
=== Selecting a compass ===<br />
A good compass with declination adjustment, sighting mirror and clinometer (Suunto MC 2G or Silva Ranger Type<br />
15CL, aka CL515) costs $55-$70. Buy a good one. The following discussion assumes you have followed this advice.<br />
Consequently, it does not deal with the procedures and calculations required to correct for declination if your compass<br />
does not have a declination adjustment feature. (If you insist on using a compass without declination adjustment, these<br />
procedures can be explained in the field, but they are confusing and difficult to remember. Don't say we didn't warn<br />
you.)<br />
=== Declination adjustment ===<br />
The Magnetic North Pole lies to the south of true North Pole, which causes an error in compass readings known as<br />
declination. The value of declination for a particular area is found on the lower left corner of all USGS maps. For our<br />
purposes, declination of 17o east is sufficient for all maps. To adjust your compass, simply insert the small key into the<br />
screw on the bottom of your compass and turn the screw until the mark at the rear of the orienting arrow lines up with<br />
17o east declination. Now, unlike those who have compasses without declination adjustment, you will never have to<br />
worry about declination again.<br />
=== Map bearings ===<br />
* Mark (or note) your position and destination on the map.<br />
* Place the long side of the compass base plate on these two points so that the cover is towards your destination. If necessary, the cover of the compass or a ruler can be used as an extension of the base plate.<br />
* Turn the bezel until the meridian lines on the compass capsule are parallel with the meridian lines on the map (or the left or right border of the map) and N on the bezel is on the north side of the capsule with reference to the map.<br />
* The bearing from your location to your destination can now be read at the index pointer (centered luminous mark near the hinge of the compass).<br />
<br />
To transfer this bearing to the field, simply turn your body until the needle is centered on the orienting arrow and the<br />
colors match (red with red and black with black). [After dark, turn your body until the luminous point on the needle lies<br />
between the luminous points on either side of the orienting arrow.] The sighting line through the mirror indicates your<br />
direction of travel.<br />
=== Orienting (setting) the map ===<br />
To orient your map (only necessary when in the field), follow the same procedure described above, but leave the<br />
compass on the map and turn the map instead of your body. Once the map is oriented, you can compare field<br />
topographical features with those depicted on the map.<br />
=== Taking field bearings ===<br />
* open the cover to approximately 60o.<br />
* place the lanyard around your neck and raise the compass to eye level while holding it level with both hands, and hold it as far from your body as possible so the lanyard is tight.<br />
* close one eye (always close the same eye) and sight through the notch in the cover (mirror), turning your body until the landmark is precisely above the notch, AND the vertical centerline of the mirror appears to intersect the axis of the needle.<br />
* while maintaining the above position, look into the mirror and turn the bezel until the needle is within and parallel to the orienting arrow as observed in the mirror.<br />
* read the bearing at the index pointer (centered luminous mark near the hinge of the compass).<br />
=== Finding your location using two or more landmarks ===<br />
* Take a bearing on a known landmark as described above.<br />
* to transfer this bearing to the map, place the compass on the map and open the cover wide so the long edge of the compass intersects the known landmark.<br />
* turn the compass edge around the known landmark until the meridian lines on the capsule are parallel with the meridian lines (or the left or right border) of the map, and the N mark on the bezel is on the north side (on the map) of the capsule.<br />
* starting from the known landmark, draw a line along the edge of the compass in the direction of your approximate location.<br />
* repeat the process using a second landmark approximately 90o from the first landmark.<br />
* your location is the point where the two lines intersect.<br />
* for improved accuracy, repeat the procedure using a third landmark. A line from the third point should intersect at approximately the same point<br />
=== Using the clinometer ===<br />
We use the clinometer to measure slope angle, a critical indicator of avalanche propensity, and alpha angles, which<br />
indicate whether you are in a potential avalanche run out zone:<br />
* turn the bezel until it reads 270o at the index pointer.<br />
* position the compass so the long edge is parallel with the surface to be measured and the base plate aligns with the vertical plane (this allows the clinometer pointer to turn freely).<br />
* open the compass cover to approximately 30o.<br />
* steady the compass with both hands and sight along the top edge of the base plate. Looking into the mirror,<br />
read the angle indicated by the clinometer pointer.<br />
== GRID COORDINATE SYSTEMS ==<br />
Patrollers must know how to determine their location on a USGS or Forest Service map and how to move from one<br />
location to another using a map and compass. Patrollers also must know how to direct helicopters to a pre-determined<br />
landing sites, and be able to use a map and compass to reach such sites.<br />
In order to be able to express their location to various rescue personnel, patrollers must learn three systems of map<br />
coordinates: <br />
# Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) which is used by many search and rescue organizations, <br />
# Public Land System (PLS), also called "Township and Range," which is used by the Forest Service; and <br />
# geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude), which are used by rescue helicopters and other aircraft. <br />
<br />
Coordinates for all three systems are found on every USGS map we use.<br />
Some search and rescue organizations and air medical services use computer software to convert among various<br />
coordinate systems, but not all organizations have software or personnel capable of converting among all three systems.<br />
Consequently, we must be able to express our location in all three grid coordinate systems.<br />
Most map and compass training will be done in the field. Field training will concentrate on locating positions and<br />
plotting courses using landmarks and a map and compass. We will not spend much time on grid coordinate systems in<br />
the field. The following sections describe each of the three grid coordinate systems used to determine specific map<br />
locations. Examples are based upon the USGS 7.5 minute Norden Quadrangle map.<br />
You should attempt to master this material before you begin field training in order to gain a more complete<br />
understanding of this critical subject. It may seem overwhelming at first, but if you go through each system several<br />
times and do the sample problems you should be able to master all three systems. Instructors will attempt to answer any<br />
questions you have regarding the written material.<br />
<br />
=== Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) ===<br />
==== Basis of system ====<br />
Distance is measured in meters north and south from the equator and east from a central meridian. <br />
<br />
From the wikipedia entry for UTM: The point of origin of each UTM zone is the intersection of the equator and the zone's central meridian, but to avoid dealing with negative numbers the central meridian of each zone is set at 500,000 meters East. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system<br />
<br />
==== Map marks ====<br />
UTM grid coordinates are the series of black numbers on the white border of the map next to the blue grid ticks. For<br />
example, in the upper left margin of the 7.5-minute Norden Quadrangle appears the number 4361000N. The blue grid tick<br />
to the right of this number marks a distance 4,361 kilometers (4,361,000 meters) north of the equator. In the left end of<br />
the top margin of the map, just below the words "GEOLOGICAL SURVEY" is the number 727000E. The blue grid tick<br />
to the left of this number marks a distance 727 kilometers (727,000 meters) east of the principal meridian. Other similar<br />
numbers on the map eliminate the 000m and express the distance only in kilometers.<br />
==== Using the map marks to describe a location ====<br />
Forget all of the superscript numbers. Henceforth, 4361000N will be referred to as 61, and 728 as 28. To learn how to<br />
describe your location, let's use an example from the Norden 7.5 minute map:<br />
* locate the summit of Donner Peak in the middle of your Norden 7.5 minute map.<br />
* draw an imaginary north-south line from your position to the top or bottom margin of the map, and note the blue UTM grid tick numbers on either side of the point where your imaginary line intersects the map margin. The numbers should be 31 and 32. [Note that while the blue grid ticks are always present, often the numbers are missing and you have to extrapolate them from nearby grid tick references. For example, at the bottom of the map, the reference to 32 is missing, and at the top, the reference to 31 is missing.]<br />
* Do the same exercise using an east-west imaginary line to the left or right margin of the map, noting the blue grid ticks above and below the point where your imaginary line intersects the map margin. You should fall between grid ticks 54 and 55.<br />
* Now draw a line between grid tick 31 on the top and grid tick 31 on the bottom of the map. If you don't have a straight edge long enough (and you won't in the field), fold over one edge of the map and use it as a straight edge to connect the two "31" grid ticks. Be certain that the edge of the map is flat or your line will be off. Next, do the same exercise to connect grid ticks 32, 53 and 54. [We strongly suggest that for training purposes you draw the entire UTM grid on your Norden 7.5 minute map.]<br />
* Note that the lines you have drawn have created a square box around the Donner Peak reference point. [In the future, you only have to create this "box," and it is unnecessary to draw complete lines between the grid ticks.] Notice that the lines you have drawn are not parallel to the edges of the map, but are slightly skewed. This is because the UTM grid system is not based upon True North, but your map is. From now on, you will focus on the "box" you have just created.<br />
* within the box draw a line, parallel to the left and right sides of the box, from the summit of Donner Peak to the nearer of the top or bottom margin of the box. [In this case, the bottom margin.]<br />
* divide the distance along the bottom margin into ten equal parts, and record where your line intersects the box margin to the nearest tenth. You should find that your line intersected the bottom margin of the box 8 tenths of the distance from grid line 31 (the left side of the box) to grid line 32 (the right side of the box), and thus you should record 318. [It is actually 31.8, but the decimal point is eliminated.] [Try using your UTM grid reader to speed this process.]<br />
* next, draw a line, parallel to the top and bottom margins of the box, from the summit of Donner Peak to the nearer of the left or right margins of the box. [In this case, the right margin.]<br />
* again, record where the line falls to the nearest tenth. You should find that the line intersects the right box margin 3 tenths of the distance from grid line 54 to grid line 55, and thus you should record 543.<br />
* then simply combine the two three digit numbers into one six-digit number, giving the east-west coordinate before the north-south coordinate. In our example 318 and 543 would produce "UTM 318543 on the 7.5 minute Norden Quadrangle." (Note that we reference the particular map because you might get a slightly different reading using a 15-minute map of the same area.)<br />
<br />
PRATICE PROBLEM 1: Try determining the UTM location of the triangle marking the tablet atop Anderson Peak,<br />
located roughly 1 3/4 inches from the bottom margin and 6 1/2 inches from the right margin. See answer 1 on last page<br />
of this appendix.<br />
<br />
=== Public Land System (Township and Range) ===<br />
==== Basis of system ====<br />
Figures 2 and 3 of this article describe the Township and Range system used by the Forest Service. Because we<br />
patrol pursuant to volunteer agreements with the Forest Service and use their radio system, we must know how to<br />
communicate in a language the Forest Service's radio dispatcher understands. Once you understand the basic Township<br />
and Range system, return to this page to learn how to more precisely express a particular location using this system.<br />
==== Map marks ====<br />
Township, Range and Section boundaries are marked in red on USGS maps. If the line is dashed, it means its location is<br />
approximate. Township (T.) and Range (R.) designations are found along the margins of the map wherever there is a<br />
Township or Range boundary (as contrasted with a Section boundary). Township and Range designations also appear in<br />
the body of the map where appropriate to mark a deviation in the boundary. Section numbers appear in red in the center<br />
of each Section. For example, the Peter Grubb Hut is located in Section 2, T. 17 N., R. 14 E.<br />
Using the map marks to describe a location<br />
==== To describe a particular point within a section: ====<br />
* find the Township and Range, and the section<br />
* divide the Section into four equal quarters, also know as quadrants.<br />
* subdivide the quadrant in which you are located (or wish to describe) into four sub-quadrants.<br />
* describe the tract in which you are located in terms of the sub-quadrant, quadrants, Section, Township and Range. This method describes your location in a 40-acre tract (a quarter-mile by quarter-mile square).<br />
* for example: the Peter Grubb Hut is located in the "Southwest 1/4, (of the) Northeast 1/4, Section 2, Township 17 North, Range 14 East." Because this is too vague a description for someone trying to find you, when dealing with the USFS, you should give this description, but also give a UTM or geographical coordinate depending on which rescue agency you expect to respond. It wouldn't hurt to give all three. Alternatively, you can measure the distance from the east or west boundary and the north or south boundary of the section, using the scale at the bottom of the map:<br />
* use a ruler, piece of paper or a stick to measure from the left or right (east or west) boundary of the section to your location. Record the distance in feet.<br />
* do the same from the top or bottom (north or south) boundary of the section.<br />
* e.g., the Peter Grubb Hut can be described as being in "Section 2, Township 17 North, Range 14 East, at a point 1500 feet West of the Eastern boundary of the section and 2400 feet South of the Northern boundary of the section." A mouthful, but they will find you.<br />
<br />
PRATICE PROBLEM 2: Try describing the location of Anderson Peak in both "Township and Range" methods. See<br />
answer 2 on last page of this appendix.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mapsfig1.png|thumb|300px|EXAMPLE OF TOWNSHIP & RANGE PUBLIC LAND SUBDIVISIONS]]<br />
<br />
Townships are numbered north and south of the base line. <br />
Ranges are numbered east and west of a principal meridian.<br />
The designated abbreviation would read: Township 3 South, Range 45 East.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mapsfig2a.png|thumb|300px|EXAMPLE OF TOWNSHIP & RANGE PUBLIC LAND SUBDIVISIONS]]<br />
<br />
* Each Township is 6 miles square, and divided into 36 Sections. Each Section is 1 mile square.<br />
* One Section contains 640 acres which can be subdivided into smaller tracts.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mapsfig2c.png|thumb|300px|EXAMPLE OF TOWNSHIP & RANGE PUBLIC LAND SUBDIVISIONS]]<br />
<br />
* A Section can also be subdivided into (16) 40-acre tracts which can be designated by cardinal directions. <br />
* A legal description of this parcel of 40 acres(beginning with the smallest designation first) will read: ýSE 1D4 NE 1D4, Section 36, T. 3 S R. 45 E.ý<br />
<br />
=== Geographic Coordinates (Latitude and Longitude) ===<br />
==== Basis of system ====<br />
<br />
Geographic coordinates use the degree as the basic unit of measurement, with subdivisions into minutes and seconds.<br />
The origin of this system is off the west coast of Africa, where the Greenwich meridian (0o longitude) intersects the<br />
equator (0o latitude). Latitude is measured north or south of the equator up to 90o at the poles, and longitude is measured<br />
west or east of the Greenwich meridian up to 180o in the Pacific Ocean. The contiguous states, Hawaii and most of<br />
Alaska are in latitude north and longitude west. Therefore, "north" and "west" may be dropped when giving geographic<br />
coordinates in the U.S. In the U.S. latitude and longitude cannot be confused with each other because the range of<br />
numbers used to describe each are so different. However, by convention latitude is normally given first.<br />
==== Map marks ====<br />
Each corner of a USGS map contains a latitude and longitude reference. Latitude references are on the left and right<br />
margins and longitude on the top and bottom margins. An easy way to remember which is which is that San Francisco is<br />
at (roughly) latitude 38, so all of our latitude references will be near 38. [Or remember that in the U.S. the longer<br />
number is for longitude (3 digits versus 2 digits for latitude).<br />
The border of each USGS 7.5 minute map is divided into three 2.5 minute sections, marked by a minute reference (or<br />
minute and 30 second reference if it falls between minutes) and a black tick extending into the body of the map. For<br />
example, one-third of the way up the left or right hand margin of the 7.5 minute Norden Quadrangle is the reference<br />
17'30", which is really 39 °17'30". Similarly, one-third of the way across the top or bottom margin from the left border is<br />
the designation 20', which is really 120 °20'.<br />
==== Using the map marks to describe a location ====<br />
Plotting approximate latitude and longitude on a topo map in the field is a relatively simple process. There are two ways<br />
to do it, mathematically and geometrically. Fortunately, on the maps we use the two methods are virtually identical, and<br />
produce a third method which we call Quick and Dirty (Q&D). We will describe the Q&D method first, but remember<br />
that it will only work on our maps. [Note: The easiest method involves use of the Lat/Long Scale we provided. Skip<br />
ahead to p. 15, subsection (d) and learn this method first, then come back and learn the other methods.]<br />
For all three methods, first use a straight edge to transfer the point you wish to describe to the nearest horizontal and<br />
vertical edges of the map, as you would in calculating UTM coordinates. You must now estimate the linear distances<br />
between your points and the nearest lesser latitude or longitude references on the borders of the map and express those<br />
distances in minutes and seconds.<br />
All three methods are based on the fact that the distance between geographical coordinate ticks on the map are 2'30", as<br />
described above. Because there are 60" in one minute, 2'30" equals 150". Consequently, if we can divide distance<br />
between geographical grid ticks into 150 equal parts, we can describe the points we have transferred to the map borders<br />
to the nearest second.<br />
<br />
===== Quick and Dirty method =====<br />
Fortunately, on our maps, the distance between geographical grid ticks for both latitude and longitude is easily divisible<br />
into 150 segments. The distance between grid ticks on the top and bottom borders (longitude) is approximately 150 mm,<br />
so each millimeter equals 1 second. The distance between geographical grid ticks on the left and right borders (latitude)<br />
is approximately 7.5 inches, so each inch equals 20 seconds, and each 1/4" equals 5 seconds.<br />
To determine geographical location, simply find your position in seconds, then convert to minutes and seconds as<br />
necessary. For longitude, simply measure in millimeters along the top or bottom border from the next lowest mark to<br />
your intersecting point. This is the number of seconds to add to determine longitude. For latitude, simply measure the<br />
number of inches from the next lowest latitude mark to your intersecting mark and multiply by 20 (seconds per inch) to<br />
get the number of seconds to add to the next lowest latitude reference.<br />
To determine the latitude and longitude of the Peter Grubb Hut (PGH):<br />
* first draw lines to intersect the nearby top and left borders of the map.<br />
* the distance from the next lowest geographical grid tick (20', or 120o20') to the mark you placed across the top border of the map is approximately 120 millimeters.<br />
* 120 mm x 1 second/mm = 120 seconds. 120 seconds ÷ 60 seconds/minute = 2.0 minutes.<br />
* add the 2 minutes to the 120o20' (next lowest longitude mark) and the longitude of the Peter Grubb Hut is 120o22'.<br />
To determine the latitude of the Peter Grubb Hut:<br />
* measure the distance from the nearest latitude mark below your transferred mark to your mark. This distance is approximately 6.25 inches.<br />
* 6.25 inches x 20 seconds/inch = 125 seconds.<br />
* to convert the seconds to minutes and seconds, divide your answer by 60 seconds/minute. 125 seconds ÷ 60 seconds/minute = 2'5".<br />
* add the 2'5" to the latitude mark you measured from (20', or 39o20'). 39o20' + 2'5" = 39o22'5".<br />
<br />
Consequently, the Peter Grubb Hut lies at latitude 39o22'5", longitude 120o22' determined by the quick and dirty method.<br />
[Note that we don't give the full designation of "latitude 39o22'5" north, longitude 120o22' west." Because everything in<br />
the Northern Hemisphere is "north" latitude, and almost everything in the United States is "west" longitude, we drop the<br />
"north" and "west" designations when giving geographic coordinates in the U.S.] Adding an elevation reference (in this<br />
case "7800 feet") is helpful but not essential.<br />
===== Mathematical method =====<br />
The Q&D method is actually the mathematical method without long division calculations. With the mathematical<br />
method, you simply measure the distance between the next lowest geographical grid tick and your mark, and divide that<br />
distance by the distance between geographical grid ticks:<br />
* first, measure and record the distance between geographic grid ticks on the map. E.g., the distance between longitude marks on the top or bottom edge of the Norden 7.5 map is about 150 mm.<br />
* then, measure from the nearest geographical grid tick to the right of where your point bisects the top or bottom map border of the map.<br />
* take that figure, in millimeters, and divide it by 150 mm, then multiply by 2.5, the number of minutes between geographical grid ticks. This will give you a figure in minutes.<br />
* to convert your answer to minutes and seconds, simply multiply the fractional portion of your answer by 60 seconds/minute.<br />
* then add your answer to the longitude of the nearest geographical grid tick to the right of your point (i.e., the nearest grid tick below your point).<br />
<br />
Use the same process to determine latitude, but note that the distance between geographical grid ticks on the left and<br />
right borders of the map is approximately 190 mm rather than 150 mm.<br />
To determine the latitude and longitude of the Peter Grubb Hut, first draw lines to intersect the nearby top and left<br />
borders of the map:<br />
* the distance from the 20' (120o20') grid tick to the mark you placed across the top border of the map is approximately 120 millimeters.<br />
* 120 mm/150 mm x 2.5 minutes = 2 minutes.<br />
* add the 2 minutes to the 120o20' (nearest longitude grid tick to the right) and the longitude of the Peter Grubb Hut is 120o22'.<br />
To determine the latitude of the Peter Grubb Hut:<br />
* measure the distance from the nearest latitude mark below your transferred mark to your mark. This distance is approximately 158 millimeters.<br />
* 158 mm/190 mm x 2.5 minutes = 2.08. To convert the fractional portion of your answer to seconds, multiply it by 60. .08 minutes x 60 seconds/minute = 4.8 seconds. Round it to 5 seconds to produce 2'5".<br />
* add the 2'5" to the latitude mark you measured from. 39o 20' + 2'5" = 39o22'5".<br />
<br />
Consequently, the Peter Grubb Hut lies at latitude 39o22'5", longitude 120o22' determined by the mathematical method,<br />
the same answer we obtained using the Q&D method.<br />
<br />
===== Geometrical method =====<br />
(see Figure 3): If you can remember how to do long division or have a pocket calculator with<br />
you, the mathematical method is quickest. However, if the calculations give you a headache, try this method.<br />
To determine latitude or longitude geometrically:<br />
* draw a line from the nearest reference point below your mark at an angle approximately 30o inward from the map border and approximately the distance between that point and the next highest geographical reference point. [See line A-B on the map excerpt on page 13 of this appendix.] The exact angle is not important, nor is the length of the line, but it should be approximately the length of the distance between longitude grid ticks on your map.<br />
* consider this line to be divided into 150 equal increments. The figure 150 represents the number of seconds between geographical grid ticks on a 7.5 minute map (2.5 minutes x 60 seconds/minute = 150 seconds). On the Norden 7.5 map the distance is approximately 150 mm - extremely convenient for our purposes. Consequently, measure 150 mm along your 30 ° line and mark that point (see point B on the excerpt).<br />
* connect that point (B) with the next highest longitudinal mark on the border of your map (point C) by drawing a line between those two points (line B-C).<br />
* now draw a line parallel to your last drawn line from your intersecting mark (point X) to the 30 ° line (see line D-X). Be certain that lines B-C and D-X are parallel.<br />
* next, measure along the 30 ° line from the beginning (point A) to the point (D) where your last drawn line (D-X) intersects the 30 ° line (point D). This measurement (line A-D) is the number of seconds to be added to determine the correct longitude. Because in this case 1 mm = 1 second, you don't have to do any calculations to convert from millimeters to seconds.<br />
<br />
To determine latitude, use the same method, but a different base measurement. The 150 mm trick won't work because<br />
the distance is approximately 190 mm. However, as we learned in the quick and dirty method, it is also approximately<br />
7.5 inches, so each inch equals 20 seconds, and each 1/4 inch equals 5 seconds. Consequently, make all latitude<br />
measurements in inches rather than millimeters.<br />
To determine the geographic coordinates of the Peter Grubb Hut by the geometrical method, first draw lines from the hut<br />
to intersect the nearby top and left borders of the map. To determine longitude (points X and Y on the map excerpt):<br />
<br />
* draw a line from the 20' mark on the top border (just above the red section 29 number) diagonally downward to the left at an angle of approximately 30o. Draw it all the way to the left border of the map. Then measure along this line 150 mm from where you started and make a mark (point B).<br />
* connect this point with the upper left corner of the map (the next highest longitude grid tick). [See line B-C.]<br />
* draw a line parallel to your last line from the Peter Grubb Hut mark on the top border (point X) to the 30o line. [See line D-X.] Be certain that lines B-C and D-X are parallel.<br />
* measure along the 30o line from the 20' mark (point A) to the point where the second parallel line meets the 30o line (point D). It should be approximately 120 mm. [Sound familiar?]<br />
* 120 mm x 1 second/mm = 120 seconds ÷ 60 seconds/minute = 2 minutes. Add the 2 minutes to 120o20' and you have 120o22' for Peter Grubb Hut longitude.<br />
<br />
To determine Peter Grubb Hut latitude, employ the same process:<br />
* draw the 30o line upward to the right from the 20' (39o20') mark (point E) on the left border of the map.<br />
* measure off 7.5 inches on the 30o line and draw a line from that point (F) to the upper left corner of the map (point C). [See line C-F.]<br />
* draw a line, parallel to your last drawn line, from the Peter Grubb Hut intersecting point on the left border (point Y) to the 30o line. [See line G-Y.] Be certain that lines C-F and G-Y are parallel.<br />
* measure the distance from the 20' mark (point E) to this point on the 30o line (point G) in inches - it should be approximately 6.25 inches. [See line E-G.]<br />
* 6.25 inches x 20 seconds/inch = 125 seconds.<br />
* 125 seconds ÷ 60 seconds/minute = 2'5".<br />
* add 2'5" to 39o20' and you get a latitude of 39o22'5".<br />
<br />
So the geographical coordinates of the Peter Grubb Hut are latitude 39o22'5", longitude 120o22' as determined by the<br />
geometrical method. This is the same answer we got by using the other two methods.<br />
<br />
PRATICE PROBLEM 3: Can you describe the location of Anderson Peak using geographic coordinates? Try all three<br />
methods to see if you can arrive at identical answers. See answer 3 on the last page of this appendix. If you didn't get<br />
the correct answer, please review the text and try again. This material may bend your brain, but it is extremely important<br />
to be able to precisely describe your position in the field.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mapsfig3.png|thumb|300px|EXAMPLE OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE USING GEOMETRICAL METHOD]]<br />
<br />
===== Lat/Long Scale Method: Skewed Scale To Find Position =====<br />
To determine the longitude and latitude of a point using the special longitude/latitude scale, the scale cannot<br />
be laid parallel to the map border because in this orientation the scale does not match the interval and is too<br />
long. The scale must be turned to an angle to find a solution. The following procedure describes how to turn<br />
the scale to find the latitude and longitude of a point.<br />
The 7.5 minute map has tick marks at 2ý30ý intervals along both the horizontal and vertical axis. To carryout<br />
this procedure, straight lines must be drawn across the map and down the map at these 2ý30ý intervals. See<br />
Figure 4 for an example of correct positioning of the scale to find Longitude. Note that the ruler has one side<br />
for measuring distance labeled ýUSGS 7.5ý MAP SCALEý and one side for Latitude/Longitude measuring.<br />
<br />
====== Longitude ======<br />
# On the longitude side of the scale align the first (right) tick mark of the scale on a 2 minute 30 second (2ý30ý) line.<br />
# Align the last (left) tick mark of the scale on the adjacent 2ý30ý line so the scale is straddling the point to be located. The numbers on the longitude scale need to be facing right side up.<br />
# Slide the scale up or down the map (keeping the tick marks on the 2ý30ý lines) until the skewed scale aligns with the desired point on the edge of the scale. The first and last scale tick marks must still be aligned the with the 2ý30ý lines.<br />
# Each tick on the scale has a pair of two-digit numbers that stand for seconds (e.g. 00·30). The first number of the pair allows you to count up the scale starting at 0 seconds., and the second number of the pair allows you to count up the scale starting from 30 seconds. If the longitude line to the right that is being measured off ends in 30ý (e.g. 120o 17ý 30ý), then count on the scale starting with the 30 minute values. If the longitude line being measured from (to the right) is an even minute (e.g. 120o 20ý 00ý), then count on the scale using the numbers starting with 00 minute.<br />
# The longitude position is the sum of the values counted on the scale plus the value of the longitude line measured from.<br />
====== Latitude ======<br />
# On the Latitude side of the scale align the first (bottom of scale) tick mark of the scale on a 2ý30ý line.<br />
# Align the last (top of scale) tick mark of the scale on the adjacent 2ý30ý line straddling the desired point to be measured. The numbers on the latitude scale need to be facing right side up.<br />
# Slide the scale across the map (keeping the tick marks on the 2ý30ý lines) until the scale aligns skewed with the desired point on the edge of the scale. The first and last scale tick marks must still be aligned with the 2ý30ý lines.<br />
# Similar to the longitude, on the Latitude edge of the scale, each tick on the scale has a pair of two- digit numbers that stand for seconds (e.g. 00·30). Count using the pair of numbers similar to Longitude.<br />
# The latitude position is the sum of the values counted on the scale plus the value of the longitude line measured from.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Mapsfig4.png|thumb|300px|EXAMPLE OF USE OF LAT/LONG SCALE]]<br />
<br />
=== Position Shorthand ===<br />
Each grid coordinate system is a method for communicating a location, and that location needs to be expressed in a language the receiving party will understand. TBSP has specific guidelines for expressing positions in the coordinate system:<br />
<br />
* '''LAT-LONG''': All lat-long coordinates should be expressed with the DATUM first, like "NAD27 datum, 37 degrees 43.44 minutes north, 118 degrees 30.2 minutes west". When written, a single hash ' represents minutes and a double hash " represents seconds. <br />
* '''UTM''': UTM six digit shorthand is read "right->up", meaning the x or East coordinate is read first, and the y coordinate or North is read second.<br />
* '''Township and Range''': Township/range has no shorthand, and is read from most specific-to-least. <br />
* '''All coordinate systems''': Regardless of the coordinate system, it's always good to specify a couple known landmarks to prevent confusion and to allow the receiving party to double-check the position they are given.<br />
<br />
== GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) USES ==<br />
GPS units can be of great value in locating your current position and for route-finding. However they have their<br />
advantages and disadvantages, and can only supplement, not replace map and compass skills. You have to understand how it works, including the difference between the multiple coordinate systems and how to translate from one to the other. By convention, TBSP Patrol maps use the NAD 27 CONUS system, however most modern GPS units will default to the newer WGS 84 standard. This alone can result in a position error of several hundred meters.<br />
<br />
; ADVANTAGES <br />
* Works in bad visibility when you cannot make a compass sighting <br />
* Can be faster to get the coordinates of your location than a map and compass<br />
* Can convert easily between coordinate systems (i.e. Lat/Long to UTM) <br />
<br />
; DISADVANTAGES<br />
* Batteries have a limited life (and life decreases with lower temperatures ý as little as 4 hours)<br />
* Does not locate you on a map or help route-finding<br />
* Hard to get a sense of map scale on a 2 inch screen<br />
* Satellites may not be very visible (esp. in canyons), or few satellites may give low accuracy<br />
* May not have a compass<br />
<br />
If one is going to carry a GPS unit, to use it effectively one should master the following skills:<br />
* Basic operation (navigate through screens, changes scales, start/stop navigating, etc)<br />
* Set up the system, including:<br />
** Choose datum. In California, should use North American Datum (NAD27)<br />
** Choose coordinate system and units (for example, if using Lat/Long, the units should be degrees/minutes/second instead of degrees/minutes/tenths of minutes)<br />
** Set up to conserve battery power<br />
* Marking waypoints<br />
* Navigating to waypoints<br />
* Entering waypoints in the field<br />
* Changing coordinate systems (for example, from Lat/Long to UTM)<br />
* Backtracking<br />
<br />
== PRATICE PROBLEM ANSWERS ==<br />
# "333488 on the 7.5 minute Norden Quadrangle."<br />
# "Southwest 1/4, Southeast 1/4, Section 3, Township 16 North, Range 15 East" or, using the alternative method: "Section 3, Township 16 North, Range 15 East, at a point 2350 feet west of the eastern section boundary and 750 feet north of the southern section boundary, at about 8700 feet elevation."<br />
# "Latitude 39°15'33", longitude 120°17'46" at about 8700 feet elevation." [Remember, we always give latitude first, and don't have to express "latitude" and "longitude".]<br />
<br />
If you missed any of these, reread the pertinent sections and try again.<br />
<br />
{{PatrolManual}}</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2016-01-08T04:02:40Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Rescue */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche Basics and Nomenclature ==<br />
;Avalanche Safety Tutorial (American Avalanche Association: http://avalanche.org/tutorial/tutorial.html<br />
;Avalanche Encyclopedia (National Avalanche Center): http://www.fsavalanche.org/encyclopedia/<br />
;How to Read an Avalanche Advisory (Sierra Avalanche Center): http://sierraavalanchecenter.org/how-to-read-avalanche-advisory<br />
<br />
== Stability Test Videos ==<br />
;Where to Dig a Snowpit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7n4S1U7ybM<br />
;Compression Test Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kF-NEUfZP1U#t=47<br />
;Extended Column Test: http://utahavalanchecenter.org/how-do-extended-column-test<br />
;Propagation Saw Test: http://vimeo.com/37092331<br />
;Shovel Shear Test: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6Sku8uFCes<br />
<br />
== Rescue ==<br />
;Beacon Searching (2013): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_W4dbVzogw<br />
;Proper Probing Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fn-iz8L-2dI<br />
;Strategic Shoveling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-PiGTbZceQ&feature=youtu.be<br />
;Transceiver Reviews: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
;Transceiver Manuals: http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/Manuals.asp/<br />
;Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) Safety (non-avalanche related, part of NSP curriculum): http://www.deepsnowsafety.org/index.php/<br />
<br />
== On-line Tools and Exercises ==<br />
;Topography Map With Slope Angle Shading (CalTopo): http://caltopo.com/map.html#ll=39.35607,-120.33959&z=16&b=sat&o=t&n=0.32&a=c,sg/<br />
;CalTopo Tutorial: http://caltopo.com/about.html<br />
;Slope Angle Maps: http://www.slopeanglemaps.com/ [no longer exists! slope angle maps for Washington and Utah available at http://avalanche-maps.org/map.html]<br />
;Slope Angle Shaded Maps of Resort Areas: http://3dskimaps.com/<br />
;Route-Finding Exercise: http://www.avalanche.net.nz/education/Online-Avalanche-Course/Route-Finding-Exercises.asp<br />
;Snow pit plotting software(free): http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
;Faceting (and other information on the physics of snow crystal formation): http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/faceting/faceting.htm<br />
<br />
== Avalanche Archive ==<br />
;A Dozen More Turns (Film): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7Pye9f602s<br />
;The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek (Film): http://www.nytimes.com/video/sports/100000001957178/the-avalanche-at-tunnel-creek.html<br />
;Dry Gulch Avalanche (December 5, 2010 Report): http://avalanche.state.co.us/caic/acc/acc_report.php?acc_id=225&accfm=inv<br />
;Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska: http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
;Tree Well Incident Caught on Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jvEYzh_1Sg<br />
<br />
== Education==<br />
;AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training: http://www.avtraining.org/</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2014-12-23T23:05:02Z<p>EricChesmar: add Slope Angle shading</p>
<hr />
<div>Slope angle shading: <br />
CalTopo.com is the best, and free. You can print maps to PDF, overlay and adjust transparency of each layer. <br />
SlopeAngleMaps.com: Charges about $1 per 4 square miles, and takes longer to obtain. You can generate KML overlays and you have more control of the shading, <br />
http://www.caltopo.com<br />
http://www.SlopeAngleMaps.com: <br />
<br />
Video - Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska:<br />
http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
<br />
AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training:<br />
http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
Transceiver reviews:<br />
http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
<br />
Danger Rose Tutorial:<br />
http://utahavalanchecenter.org/danger_rose_tutorial<br />
<br />
Avalanche Encyclopedia (UAC):<br />
http://www.avalanche.org/~uac/encyclopedia/index.htm<br />
<br />
Shear Quality video (UAC):http://utahavalanchecenter.org/observation_intermediate_ridgein_cardiff_fork_1212011:<br />
<br />
Snow pit plotting software(free):<br />
http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
<br />
“A Dozen More Turns” The film can be found at:<br />
part 1 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=77]: <br />
part 2 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=78]:<br />
part 3 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=79]:<br />
<br />
Snow crystals and physics of their formation. <br />
http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2013-01-09T23:06:52Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/lake-tahoe-road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;Open Snow discussion(previously known as Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://opensnow.com/dailysnow/tahoe<br />
<br />
;Open Snow weather maps and resort stats: http://www.opensnow.com/about/tahoeinfo<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;QPF 5 DAY FORECAST: <br />
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/24hrqpfall.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
; Wunderground snowpack summary; http://www.wunderground.com/StateSnowDepth.asp?state=CA&MR=1:<br />
;Sierra Crest (Squaw Summit 8700') NWS reporting station; http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/screst.php:<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6:<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Ward Mtn (Alpine Meadows); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/ward.php<br />
;Slide Mtn (Mt. Rose ski area - 9650'); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/slide.php<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2013-01-09T22:56:59Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Weather */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/lake-tahoe-road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;Open Snow discussion(previously known as Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://opensnow.com/dailysnow/tahoe<br />
<br />
;Open Snow weather maps and resort stats: http://www.opensnow.com/about/tahoeinfo<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;QPF 5 DAY FORECAST: <br />
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/24hrqpfall.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
; Wunderground snowpack summary; http://www.wunderground.com/StateSnowDepth.asp?state=CA&MR=1:<br />
;Sierra Crest (Squaw Summit) NWS reporting station; http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/screst.php:<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6:<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Ward Mtn (Alpine Meadows); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/ward.php<br />
;Slide Mtn (Mt. Rose ski area - 9650'); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/slide.php<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2013-01-09T22:54:02Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Weather */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/lake-tahoe-road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;Open Snow discussion(previously known as Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://opensnow.com/dailysnow/tahoe<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;QPF 5 DAY FORECAST: <br />
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/24hrqpfall.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
; Wunderground snowpack summary; http://www.wunderground.com/StateSnowDepth.asp?state=CA&MR=1:<br />
;Sierra Crest (Squaw Summit) NWS reporting station; http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/screst.php:<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6:<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Ward Mtn (Alpine Meadows); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/ward.php<br />
;Slide Mtn (Mt. Rose ski area - 9650'); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/slide.php<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2012-12-09T20:09:51Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Weather */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/lake-tahoe-road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://tahoeweatherdiscussion.com/<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;QPF 5 DAY FORECAST: <br />
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/24hrqpfall.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
; Wunderground snowpack summary; http://www.wunderground.com/StateSnowDepth.asp?state=CA&MR=1:<br />
;Sierra Crest (Squaw Summit) NWS reporting station; http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/screst.php:<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6:<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Ward Mtn (Alpine Meadows); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/ward.php<br />
;Slide Mtn (Mt. Rose ski area - 9650'); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/slide.php<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2012-03-16T23:38:15Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Roads and Traffic */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/lake-tahoe-road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;QPF 5 DAY FORECAST: <br />
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/24hrqpfall.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
;Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://tahoeweatherdiscussion.com/<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
; Wunderground snowpack summary; http://www.wunderground.com/StateSnowDepth.asp?state=CA&MR=1:<br />
;Sierra Crest (Squaw Summit) NWS reporting station; http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/screst.php:<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6:<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Ward Mtn (Alpine Meadows); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/ward.php<br />
;Slide Mtn (Mt. Rose ski area - 9650'); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/slide.php<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Main_PageMain Page2012-01-11T10:02:12Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Avalanche Class links */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
''' Welcome to TBSPedia '''<br />
<br />
== Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:TBSP 2007.jpg|thumb|320px|right|TBSP at our 2007 Operations Refresher]]<br />
<br />
;[[About TBSP| About Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol]]: Learn more about the patrol and our activities.<br />
;[[TBSP Introduction| Join the Patrol]]: Introduction to the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol! Instructions for prospective candidates.<br />
;[[Press and Media| TBSP in the News]]: News articles and press clippings about Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[SkiAlong|Ski-Along]]: Schedule an on-the-snow introduction to backcountry patrolling.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
;[[PatrolManual|Patrol Manual]]:Read up on the policies and protocols of the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[Current conditions]]: Links for up to date weather, traffic and avalanche information.<br />
;[[Miscellaneous]]: Links for physical conditioning, tree-well immersion, etc.<br />
;[[Simple GPS route to Peter Grubb Hut]]: http://wiki.tbsp.org/PGH_Route<br />
== Avalanche Class links ==<br />
Dry Gulch Avalanche 12/5/2010: http://avalanche.state.co.us/acc/accidents_co.php<br />
<br />
Video - Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska:<br />
http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
<br />
Danger Rose Tutorial:<br />
http://utahavalanchecenter.org/danger_rose_tutorial<br />
<br />
Avalanche Encyclopedia (UAC):<br />
http://www.avalanche.org/~uac/encyclopedia/index.htm<br />
<br />
Extended Compression Test:<br />
<br />
Shear Quality video (UAC):http://utahavalanchecenter.org/observation_intermediate_ridgein_cardiff_fork_1212011:<br />
<br />
Strategic Shovelling: <br />
<br />
Online Tutorials: <br />
http://utahavalanchecenter.org/online_tutorials<br />
<br />
The film “A Dozen More Turns” can be found at:<br />
part 1 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=77]: <br />
part 2 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=78]:<br />
part 3 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=79]:<br />
<br />
Snow crystals and physics of their formation. <br />
http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/<br />
<br />
Transceiver reviews:<br />
http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
<br />
AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training:<br />
http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
Snow pit plotting software(free):<br />
http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
<br />
== About the Patrol==<br />
A short slideshow about TBSP Patrols and Search and Rescue!<br />
<videoflash>jgx0w4yJiL4</videoflash><br />
<br />
== Information for Patrollers ==<br />
;[[Search And Rescue]]: Information and Signup Instructions for the Search and Rescue Team.<br />
;[[Boreal Patrol]]: Instructions for your Boreal day.<br />
;[[Hobart Chalet]]: Chalet instructions for this year.<br />
;[[Avalanche Related Resources]]: Links about avalanche stuff.<br />
;[[Operations - things to fix]]: Bulletin board for posting items needing attention, or volunteering to fix it!.<br />
<br />
Learn about wikis: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial_%28Formatting%29 Quick Start instructions from wikipedia]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing a full tutorial on using wikis]], and [[How to upload files]].</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Main_PageMain Page2012-01-08T21:40:30Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Avalanche Class links */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
''' Welcome to TBSPedia '''<br />
<br />
== Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:TBSP 2007.jpg|thumb|320px|right|TBSP at our 2007 Operations Refresher]]<br />
<br />
;[[About TBSP| About Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol]]: Learn more about the patrol and our activities.<br />
;[[TBSP Introduction| Join the Patrol]]: Introduction to the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol! Instructions for prospective candidates.<br />
;[[Press and Media| TBSP in the News]]: News articles and press clippings about Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[SkiAlong|Ski-Along]]: Schedule an on-the-snow introduction to backcountry patrolling.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
;[[PatrolManual|Patrol Manual]]:Read up on the policies and protocols of the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[Current conditions]]: Links for up to date weather, traffic and avalanche information.<br />
;[[Miscellaneous]]: Links for physical conditioning, tree-well immersion, etc.<br />
;[[Simple GPS route to Peter Grubb Hut]]: http://wiki.tbsp.org/PGH_Route<br />
== Avalanche Class links ==<br />
Dry Gulch Avalanche 12/5/2010: http://avalanche.state.co.us/acc/accidents_co.php<br />
<br />
Video - Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska:<br />
http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
<br />
Danger Rose Tutorial:<br />
http://utahavalanchecenter.org/danger_rose_tutorial<br />
<br />
Avalanche Encyclopedia (UAC):<br />
http://www.avalanche.org/~uac/encyclopedia/index.htm<br />
<br />
Extended Compression Test:<br />
<br />
Shear Quality video (UAC):http://utahavalanchecenter.org/observation_intermediate_ridgein_cardiff_fork_1212011:<br />
<br />
Strategic Shovelling: <br />
<br />
The film “A Dozen More Turns” can be found at:<br />
part 1 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=77]: <br />
part 2 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=78]:<br />
part 3 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=79]:<br />
<br />
Snow crystals and physics of their formation. <br />
http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/<br />
<br />
Transceiver reviews:<br />
http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
<br />
AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training:<br />
http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
Snow pit plotting software(free):<br />
http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
<br />
== About the Patrol==<br />
A short slideshow about TBSP Patrols and Search and Rescue!<br />
<videoflash>jgx0w4yJiL4</videoflash><br />
<br />
== Information for Patrollers ==<br />
;[[Search And Rescue]]: Information and Signup Instructions for the Search and Rescue Team.<br />
;[[Boreal Patrol]]: Instructions for your Boreal day.<br />
;[[Hobart Chalet]]: Chalet instructions for this year.<br />
;[[Avalanche Related Resources]]: Links about avalanche stuff.<br />
;[[Operations - things to fix]]: Bulletin board for posting items needing attention, or volunteering to fix it!.<br />
<br />
Learn about wikis: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial_%28Formatting%29 Quick Start instructions from wikipedia]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing a full tutorial on using wikis]], and [[How to upload files]].</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2011-04-15T18:23:08Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;QPF 5 DAY FORECAST: <br />
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/24hrqpfall.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
;Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://tahoeweatherdiscussion.com/<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
; Wunderground snowpack summary; http://www.wunderground.com/StateSnowDepth.asp?state=CA&MR=1:<br />
;Sierra Crest (Squaw Summit) NWS reporting station; http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/screst.php:<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6:<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Ward Mtn (Alpine Meadows); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/ward.php<br />
;Slide Mtn (Mt. Rose ski area - 9650'); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/slide.php<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2011-03-29T18:20:56Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Weather */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;QPF 5 DAY FORECAST: <br />
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/24hrqpfall.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
;Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://tahoeweatherdiscussion.com/<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
;Sierra Crest (Squaw Summit) NWS reporting station; http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/screst.php<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Ward Mtn (Alpine Meadows); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/ward.php<br />
;Slide Mtn (Mt. Rose ski area - 9650'); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/slide.php<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2011-03-29T18:16:46Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Weather */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
QPF 5 DAY FORECAST: http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/24hrqpfall.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
;Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://tahoeweatherdiscussion.com/<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
;Sierra Crest (Squaw Summit) NWS reporting station; http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/screst.php<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Ward Mtn (Alpine Meadows); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/ward.php<br />
;Slide Mtn (Mt. Rose ski area - 9650'); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/slide.php<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Appendix_J:_Helicopter_ProtocolsAppendix J: Helicopter Protocols2011-03-07T05:33:07Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Landing Zones */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Landing Zones ==<br />
<br />
Multiple helicopters are available for rescues in the Tahoe area. These generally fall into two categories: rescue helicopters and medical evacuation helicopters.<br />
Rescue helicopters are typically cross-purposed with law enforcement, carry a flight medic, and are capable of short- and long-line rescues. Medical evacuation helicopters carry a Critical Care nurse with a medical control, and typically have greater requirements for landing zones than rescue helicopters.<br />
<br />
The patrol has pre-designated several landing zones which are suitable for landing either kind of helicopter. Patrollers will often have to bring the patient to the helicopter landing area in a sled. Each area<br />
we patrol has one or more possible landing sites, and patrollers must learn the location of each site. The Patrol Manual appendix on Evacuation Plans lists several potential helicopter landing zones.<br />
<br />
Pilots will choose their own landing spot in the landing site area, but it is helpful to indicate wind direction by<br />
standing upwind and to the side of the landing spot. Wind direction is indicated with smoke flares or streamers.<br />
<br />
Patrol radios are equipped to communicate on Whitefire 3 for ground-to-aircraft communication. Note that whitefire-3 is not repeated and therefore useful only for line-of-sight communications with the aircraft.<br />
<br />
Landing Zone (LZ) Criteria<br />
• 75 x 75 daylight (may be willing to go to 60 x 60)<br />
• 100 x 100 night<br />
• Level with a firm surface<br />
• Clear of sand, gravel and other debris<br />
• No power lines, trees, poles, buildings, or other overhead obstructions near or in the area;<br />
• No vehicles or people within the zone<br />
• Avoid sloped areas (10% maximum)<br />
• If snow is deep it should be ski packed, or, if there is time, boot packed. Inform pilot of any packing and direct to packed area<br />
<br />
Marking the Landing Zone (LZ)<br />
• Orange smoke flares during daylight operations<br />
• Headlamps and flashing red Pelican lights at night (mark LZ corners at night)<br />
• Markings such as barrier tape, flag tape, etc. should not be used<br />
LZ Coordinator Responsibilities<br />
• Command and secure the LZ<br />
• Establish radio contact with aircraft<br />
• Assist pilot in locating the LZ<br />
• Keep all bystanders 100' away form the LZ<br />
• Keep everyone away from the tail rotor<br />
• Contact pilot after landing to determine any safety issues<br />
<br />
== General Patient Transfer Procedures ==<br />
Usually, a patient will be loaded by the personnel aboard the helicopter, and patrollers will not have to approach the<br />
helicopter. In such cases, the primary consideration is to have a clearly marked landing site, and to keep the patient a<br />
sufficient distance from the landing site to assure patient safety and comfort during the landing. Often the helicopter will be able <br />
to provide medical supplies, however it is in the patients best interests to be fully packaged and ready for transport before the helicopter arrives.<br />
<br />
== General Helicopter Safety ==<br />
<br />
If it becomes necessary for you to approach a "live" helicopter, i.e., one with a moving rotor, you must keep the following rules in mind:<br />
# Obey any and all instructions from the pilot<br />
# Before approaching a helicopter make sure the pilot has the ship down on the landing area the way he or she wants it, and has eased the power (you will hear a noticeable change in engine pitch);<br />
# Approach (or leave) the helicopter only at an angle visible to the pilot, and always keep your eyes on the pilot (not on the ground or the helicopter door);<br />
# Approach the helicopter only from the front or side (preferably the side), and never past a line perpendicular to the door (i.e., stay away from the tail);<br />
# When approaching, stay low (squat) to maximize head/rotor clearance, remembering that the rotor blades dip closer to the ground as the power decreases;<br />
# Don't stand on the skids, as the pilot might have to take off suddenly;<br />
# Never approach the helicopter from an uphill position because the rotors will be too close to the ground. Do not walk uphill when leaving the helicopter. Stay low at all times.<br />
<br />
Helicopter Safety<br />
• Approach and depart the aircraft from the side only<br />
• Never walk around the tail rotor<br />
• Shield your eyes from rotorwash during landing and takeoff<br />
• Do not carry anything above your head<br />
• Do not approach the helicopter while the blades are turning unless instructed by the helicopter crew<br />
• Do not run towards the aircraft, approach in a calm and slow manner<br />
• No smoking anywhere in the vicinity of the aircraft<br />
• The pilot and/or medical crew control activity around the aircraft<br />
• Secure loose items such as hats, clothing, stretcher sheets, and any other object light enough to be blown into the rotor blades<br />
<br />
<br />
{{PatrolManual}}</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Appendix_J:_Helicopter_ProtocolsAppendix J: Helicopter Protocols2011-03-07T05:27:08Z<p>EricChesmar: /* General Helicopter Safety */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Landing Zones ==<br />
<br />
Multiple helicopters are available for rescues in the Tahoe area. These generally fall into two categories: rescue helicopters and medical evacuation helicopters.<br />
Rescue helicopters are typically cross-purposed with law enforcement, carry a flight medic, and are capable of short- and long-line rescues. Medical evacuation helicopters carry a Critical Care nurse with a medical control, and typically have greater requirements for landing zones than rescue helicopters.<br />
<br />
The patrol has pre-designated several landing zones which are suitable for landing either kind of helicopter. Patrollers will often have to bring the patient to the helicopter landing area in a sled. Each area<br />
we patrol has one or more possible landing sites, and patrollers must learn the location of each site. The Patrol Manual appendix on Evacuation Plans lists several potential helicopter landing zones.<br />
<br />
Pilots will choose their own landing spot in the landing site area, but it is helpful to indicate wind direction by<br />
standing upwind and to the side of the landing spot. Wind direction is indicated with smoke flares or streamers.<br />
<br />
Patrol radios are equipped to communicate on Whitefire 3 for ground-to-aircraft communication. Note that whitefire-3 is not repeated and therefore useful only for line-of-sight communications with the aircraft.<br />
<br />
== General Patient Transfer Procedures ==<br />
Usually, a patient will be loaded by the personnel aboard the helicopter, and patrollers will not have to approach the<br />
helicopter. In such cases, the primary consideration is to have a clearly marked landing site, and to keep the patient a<br />
sufficient distance from the landing site to assure patient safety and comfort during the landing. Often the helicopter will be able <br />
to provide medical supplies, however it is in the patients best interests to be fully packaged and ready for transport before the helicopter arrives.<br />
<br />
== General Helicopter Safety ==<br />
<br />
If it becomes necessary for you to approach a "live" helicopter, i.e., one with a moving rotor, you must keep the following rules in mind:<br />
# Obey any and all instructions from the pilot<br />
# Before approaching a helicopter make sure the pilot has the ship down on the landing area the way he or she wants it, and has eased the power (you will hear a noticeable change in engine pitch);<br />
# Approach (or leave) the helicopter only at an angle visible to the pilot, and always keep your eyes on the pilot (not on the ground or the helicopter door);<br />
# Approach the helicopter only from the front or side (preferably the side), and never past a line perpendicular to the door (i.e., stay away from the tail);<br />
# When approaching, stay low (squat) to maximize head/rotor clearance, remembering that the rotor blades dip closer to the ground as the power decreases;<br />
# Don't stand on the skids, as the pilot might have to take off suddenly;<br />
# Never approach the helicopter from an uphill position because the rotors will be too close to the ground. Do not walk uphill when leaving the helicopter. Stay low at all times.<br />
<br />
Helicopter Safety<br />
• Approach and depart the aircraft from the side only<br />
• Never walk around the tail rotor<br />
• Shield your eyes from rotorwash during landing and takeoff<br />
• Do not carry anything above your head<br />
• Do not approach the helicopter while the blades are turning unless instructed by the helicopter crew<br />
• Do not run towards the aircraft, approach in a calm and slow manner<br />
• No smoking anywhere in the vicinity of the aircraft<br />
• The pilot and/or medical crew control activity around the aircraft<br />
• Secure loose items such as hats, clothing, stretcher sheets, and any other object light enough to be blown into the rotor blades<br />
<br />
<br />
{{PatrolManual}}</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2011-02-19T16:26:05Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
;Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://tahoeweatherdiscussion.com/<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
;Sierra Crest (Squaw Summit) NWS reporting station; http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/screst.php<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Ward Mtn (Alpine Meadows); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/ward.php<br />
;Slide Mtn (Mt. Rose ski area - 9650'); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/slide.php<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2011-02-17T15:44:13Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
;Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://tahoeweatherdiscussion.com/<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
;Sierra Crest (Squaw Summit) NWS reporting station; http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/screst.php<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Ward Mtn (Alpine Meadows); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/ward.php<br />
;Slide Mtn (Mt. Rose ski area); http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/slide.php<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2011-02-17T15:34:50Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
;Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://tahoeweatherdiscussion.com/<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
;Sierra Crest (Squaw Summit) NWS reporting station; http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/rev/remotedata/screst.php<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2011-02-16T14:53:51Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Weather */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
;Tahoe Weather Discussion.com: http://tahoeweatherdiscussion.com/<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2011-02-16T00:14:14Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Avalanche */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://americanavalancheassociation.org/pub_swag.php<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
<br />
;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
<br />
;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6<br />
<br />
;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
<br />
;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Main_PageMain Page2011-02-07T22:24:36Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Avalanche Class links */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
''' Welcome to TBSPedia '''<br />
<br />
== Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:TBSP 2007.jpg|thumb|320px|right|TBSP at our 2007 Operations Refresher]]<br />
<br />
;[[About TBSP| About Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol]]: Learn more about the patrol and our activities.<br />
;[[TBSP Introduction| Join the Patrol]]: Introduction to the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol! Instructions for prospective candidates.<br />
;[[Press and Media| TBSP in the News]]: News articles and press clippings about Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[SkiAlong|Ski-Along]]: Schedule an on-the-snow introduction to backcountry patrolling.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
;[[PatrolManual|Patrol Manual]]:Read up on the policies and protocols of the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[Current conditions]]: Links for up to date weather, traffic and avalanche information.<br />
;[[Miscellaneous]]: Links for physical conditioning, tree-well immersion, etc.<br />
;[[Simple GPS route to Peter Grubb Hut]]: http://wiki.tbsp.org/PGH_Route<br />
== Avalanche Class links ==<br />
;[[Dry Gulch 12/5/2010]]: http://avalanche.state.co.us/acc/accidents_co.php<br />
<br />
== Information for Patrollers ==<br />
;[[Search And Rescue]]: Information and Signup Instructions for the Search and Rescue Team.<br />
;[[Boreal Patrol]]: Instructions for your Boreal day.<br />
;[[Hobart Chalet]]: Chalet instructions for this year.<br />
;[[Avalanche Related Resources]]: Links about avalanche stuff.<br />
;[[Operations - things to fix]]: Bulletin board for posting items needing attention, or volunteering to fix it!.<br />
<br />
Learn about wikis: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial_%28Formatting%29 Quick Start instructions from wikipedia]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing a full tutorial on using wikis]], and [[How to upload files]].</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Main_PageMain Page2011-01-28T14:19:27Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
''' Welcome to TBSPedia '''<br />
<br />
== Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:TBSP 2007.jpg|thumb|320px|right|TBSP at our 2007 Operations Refresher]]<br />
<br />
;[[About TBSP| About Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol]]: Learn more about the patrol and our activities.<br />
;[[TBSP Introduction| Join the Patrol]]: Introduction to the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol! Instructions for prospective candidates.<br />
;[[Press and Media| TBSP in the News]]: News articles and press clippings about Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[SkiAlong|Ski-Along]]: Schedule an on-the-snow introduction to backcountry patrolling.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
;[[PatrolManual|Patrol Manual]]:Read up on the policies and protocols of the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[Current conditions]]: Links for up to date weather, traffic and avalanche information.<br />
;[[Miscellaneous]]: Links for physical conditioning, tree-well immersion, etc.<br />
;[[Simple GPS route to Peter Grubb Hut]]: http://wiki.tbsp.org/PGH_Route<br />
== Avalanche Class links ==<br />
;[[Dry Gulch 12/5/2010]]: <br />
http://avalanche.state.co.us/acc/accidents_co.php<br />
<br />
== Information for Patrollers ==<br />
;[[Search And Rescue]]: Information and Signup Instructions for the Search and Rescue Team.<br />
;[[Boreal Patrol]]: Instructions for your Boreal day.<br />
;[[Hobart Chalet]]: Chalet instructions for this year.<br />
;[[Avalanche Related Resources]]: Links about avalanche stuff.<br />
;[[Operations - things to fix]]: Bulletin board for posting items needing attention, or volunteering to fix it!.<br />
<br />
Learn about wikis: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial_%28Formatting%29 Quick Start instructions from wikipedia]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing a full tutorial on using wikis]], and [[How to upload files]].</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Search_ProtocolsSearch Protocols2011-01-26T02:58:44Z<p>EricChesmar: /* FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS */</p>
<hr />
<div>== TBSAR / MJKSAR SEARCH PROTOCOLS ==<br />
<br />
This document is intended to provide general guidelines and protocols for TBSAR searchers to use while performing search and rescue operations. These are recommendations and should be tailored to fit individual situations, search grids, and conditions.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== HOW TO SEARCH EFFICIENTLY ===<br />
<br />
* Skis are efficient for downhill travel, and no more efficient than snowshoes for sidehill or contour travel. <br />
* Breaking trail should be done as a group, there is no efficiency to having all individuals breaking their own trail.<br />
* Breaking trail while side-hilling is the worst.<br />
<br />
Keep this in mind when deploying for searches. The same grid area which can take hours to cover via sidehilling can be searched in a fraction of the time following these methods.<br />
<br />
* Identify the highest contour line in your search area<br />
* Choose a compass bearing and travel distance and communicate this to each searcher<br />
* Organize searchers along the highest contour line<br />
* Ski downward or in a zig-zag pattern in your search area, following compass bearings to retain group spacing<br />
* Regroup at the bottom and break a trail back to the top of the next portion of the search area<br />
* Take frequent turns at front - the group moves fastest with a fresh (or strongest) person breaking trail - like a peloton<br />
* It's most efficient to break trail by keeping your tips on top of the powder as you step forward<br />
* If powder is expected bring your skis with the most surface area - and skins to match<br />
* Find victim<br />
<br />
=== FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ===<br />
<br />
* How do I assess Probability of Discovery?<br />
<br />
Probability of Discovery (PoD) is an art form refined through training and experience. You are expected to render a PoD judgment for a responsive patient scenario and an unresponsive patient scenario. Err on the side of caution.<br />
<br />
* What tracks and when do they need to be reported to IC?<br />
<br />
Use good judgment when reporting tracks to IC. The tracks should be a single set and matching the subject's description (boots, ski, snowshoe, etc). Try not to report other searchers' tracks.<br />
<br />
* What spacing for searchers?<br />
<br />
Searcher spacing is very terrain, weather, and condition dependent. With megaphones and light wind on a clear day, searchers can be spaced up to 100m apart. Night searches will require closer spacing, down to about 30m.<br />
<br />
* Using sound clues for searching?<br />
<br />
Often search teams can end up yelling at each other. To prevent this, be sure to listen longer than you are shouting. Shout no more than 5 seconds at a time, and listen for more than 30 seconds.<br />
<br />
* What gear should we carry on SAR missions?<br />
<br />
Check with IC about expectations for transport and potential overnights when checking in. Remember that helicopters can be grounded at very short notice, so if your team is tasked to travel out 12 miles and be picked up by heli, the aircraft may not be able to fly and perform the extraction. If overnight is expected, you might want to share group gear. <br />
<br />
* Why do my skins fall off?<br />
<br />
It is very common for searcher's skins to fall off while searching. This is because searching relies on far more contouring and on skinned-downhill-travel than most skins are designed for; night searches are particularly notorious for searchers losing skins. In general, do not bring new or lightly tested gear to a search, bring the gear you know works so you don't become a victim.<br />
<br />
During night searches, follow your skin manufacturer's recommendations and keep your skins warm by stowing inside your jacket when you are not using them - they'll stick better!<br />
<br />
* Can I talk to my team on the IC channel (CLEMARS, SAR, WHITEFIRE, etc)?<br />
<br />
Use the local TBSP channel to talk within your team. Use the IC channel only to communicate with IC.<br />
<br />
* How do I get in touch with IC if my radio won't connect to them?<br />
<br />
Get your IC's cell phone number and write yours on your sign-in sheet before you start searching!<br />
<br />
* Expectation what to do when you find somebody? How about if deceased?<br />
<br />
Alive: Treat as an OEC incident.<br />
<br />
Not alive: Do not mention the find over the radio. Follow sheriff's briefing, or if there is no briefing, request a sheriff's deputy to your location. Deceased individuals will be treated as potential crime scene, and it's important to keep the scene as you found it and to keep additional searchers away unless necessary for logistical purposes.</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Search_ProtocolsSearch Protocols2011-01-26T02:57:33Z<p>EricChesmar: /* HOW TO SEARCH EFFICIENTLY */</p>
<hr />
<div>== TBSAR / MJKSAR SEARCH PROTOCOLS ==<br />
<br />
This document is intended to provide general guidelines and protocols for TBSAR searchers to use while performing search and rescue operations. These are recommendations and should be tailored to fit individual situations, search grids, and conditions.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== HOW TO SEARCH EFFICIENTLY ===<br />
<br />
* Skis are efficient for downhill travel, and no more efficient than snowshoes for sidehill or contour travel. <br />
* Breaking trail should be done as a group, there is no efficiency to having all individuals breaking their own trail.<br />
* Breaking trail while side-hilling is the worst.<br />
<br />
Keep this in mind when deploying for searches. The same grid area which can take hours to cover via sidehilling can be searched in a fraction of the time following these methods.<br />
<br />
* Identify the highest contour line in your search area<br />
* Choose a compass bearing and travel distance and communicate this to each searcher<br />
* Organize searchers along the highest contour line<br />
* Ski downward or in a zig-zag pattern in your search area, following compass bearings to retain group spacing<br />
* Regroup at the bottom and break a trail back to the top of the next portion of the search area<br />
* Take frequent turns at front - the group moves fastest with a fresh (or strongest) person breaking trail - like a peloton<br />
* It's most efficient to break trail by keeping your tips on top of the powder as you step forward<br />
* If powder is expected bring your skis with the most surface area - and skins to match<br />
* Find victim<br />
<br />
=== FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ===<br />
<br />
* How do I assess Probability of Discovery?<br />
<br />
Probability of Discovery (PoD) is an art form refined through training and experience. You are expected to render a PoD judgment for a responsive patient scenario and an unresponsive patient scenario. Err on the side of caution.<br />
<br />
* What tracks and when do they need to be reported to IC?<br />
<br />
Use good judgment when reporting tracks to IC. The tracks should be a single set and matching the subject's description (boots, ski, snowshoe, etc). Try not to report other searchers' tracks.<br />
<br />
* What spacing for searchers?<br />
<br />
Searcher spacing is very terrain, weather, and condition dependent. With megaphones and light wind on a clear day, searchers can be spaced up to 100m apart. Night searches will require closer spacing, down to about 30m.<br />
<br />
* Using sound clues for searching?<br />
<br />
Often search teams can end up yelling at each other. To prevent this, be sure to listen longer than you are shouting. Shout no more than 5 seconds at a time, and listen for more than 30 seconds.<br />
<br />
* What gear should we carry on SAR missions?<br />
<br />
Check with IC about expectations for transport and potential overnights when checking in. Remember that helicopters can be grounded at very short notice, so if your team is tasked to travel out 12 miles and be picked up by heli, the aircraft may not be able to fly and perform the extraction. <br />
<br />
* Why do my skins fall off?<br />
<br />
It is very common for searcher's skins to fall off while searching. This is because searching relies on far more contouring and on skinned-downhill-travel than most skins are designed for; night searches are particularly notorious for searchers losing skins. In general, do not bring new or lightly tested gear to a search, bring the gear you know works so you don't become a victim.<br />
<br />
During night searches, follow your skin manufacturer's recommendations and keep your skins warm by stowing inside your jacket when you are not using them - they'll stick better!<br />
<br />
* Can I talk to my team on the IC channel (CLEMARS, SAR, WHITEFIRE, etc)?<br />
<br />
Use the local TBSP channel to talk within your team. Use the IC channel only to communicate with IC.<br />
<br />
* How do I get in touch with IC if my radio won't connect to them?<br />
<br />
Get your IC's cell phone number and write yours on your sign-in sheet before you start searching!<br />
<br />
* Expectation what to do when you find somebody? How about if deceased?<br />
<br />
Alive: Treat as an OEC incident.<br />
<br />
Not alive: Do not mention the find over the radio. Follow sheriff's briefing, or if there is no briefing, request a sheriff's deputy to your location. Deceased individuals will be treated as potential crime scene, and it's important to keep the scene as you found it and to keep additional searchers away unless necessary for logistical purposes.</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Search_ProtocolsSearch Protocols2011-01-26T02:13:58Z<p>EricChesmar: /* HOW TO SEARCH EFFICIENTLY */</p>
<hr />
<div>== TBSAR / MJKSAR SEARCH PROTOCOLS ==<br />
<br />
This document is intended to provide general guidelines and protocols for TBSAR searchers to use while performing search and rescue operations. These are recommendations and should be tailored to fit individual situations, search grids, and conditions.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== HOW TO SEARCH EFFICIENTLY ===<br />
<br />
* Skis are efficient for downhill travel, and no more efficient than snowshoes for sidehill or contour travel. <br />
* Breaking trail should be done as a group, there is no efficiency to having all individuals breaking their own trail.<br />
* Breaking trail while side-hilling is the worst.<br />
<br />
Keep this in mind when deploying for searches. The same grid area which can take hours to cover via sidehilling can be searched in a fraction of the time following these methods.<br />
<br />
* Identify the highest contour line in your search area<br />
* Choose a compass bearing and travel distance and communicate this to each searcher<br />
* Organize searchers along the highest contour line<br />
* Ski downward or in a zig-zag pattern in your search area, following compass bearings to retain group spacing<br />
* Regroup at the bottom and break a trail back to the top of the next portion of the search area<br />
* Take frequent turns at front - the group moves fastest with a fresh person breaking trail - like a peloton<br />
* It's most efficient to break trail by keeping your tips on top of the powder as you step foward<br />
* If powder is expected bring your skis with the most surface area - and skins to match<br />
* Find victim<br />
<br />
=== FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ===<br />
<br />
* How do I assess Probability of Discovery?<br />
<br />
Probability of Discovery (PoD) is an art form refined through training and experience. You are expected to render a PoD judgment for a responsive patient scenario and an unresponsive patient scenario. Err on the side of caution.<br />
<br />
* What tracks and when do they need to be reported to IC?<br />
<br />
Use good judgment when reporting tracks to IC. The tracks should be a single set and matching the subject's description (boots, ski, snowshoe, etc). Try not to report other searchers' tracks.<br />
<br />
* What spacing for searchers?<br />
<br />
Searcher spacing is very terrain, weather, and condition dependent. With megaphones and light wind on a clear day, searchers can be spaced up to 100m apart. Night searches will require closer spacing, down to about 30m.<br />
<br />
* Using sound clues for searching?<br />
<br />
Often search teams can end up yelling at each other. To prevent this, be sure to listen longer than you are shouting. Shout no more than 5 seconds at a time, and listen for more than 30 seconds.<br />
<br />
* What gear should we carry on SAR missions?<br />
<br />
Check with IC about expectations for transport and potential overnights when checking in. Remember that helicopters can be grounded at very short notice, so if your team is tasked to travel out 12 miles and be picked up by heli, the aircraft may not be able to fly and perform the extraction. <br />
<br />
* Why do my skins fall off?<br />
<br />
It is very common for searcher's skins to fall off while searching. This is because searching relies on far more contouring and on skinned-downhill-travel than most skins are designed for; night searches are particularly notorious for searchers losing skins. In general, do not bring new or lightly tested gear to a search, bring the gear you know works so you don't become a victim.<br />
<br />
During night searches, follow your skin manufacturer's recommendations and keep your skins warm by stowing inside your jacket when you are not using them - they'll stick better!<br />
<br />
* Can I talk to my team on the IC channel (CLEMARS, SAR, WHITEFIRE, etc)?<br />
<br />
Use the local TBSP channel to talk within your team. Use the IC channel only to communicate with IC.<br />
<br />
* How do I get in touch with IC if my radio won't connect to them?<br />
<br />
Get your IC's cell phone number and write yours on your sign-in sheet before you start searching!<br />
<br />
* Expectation what to do when you find somebody? How about if deceased?<br />
<br />
Alive: Treat as an OEC incident.<br />
<br />
Not alive: Do not mention the find over the radio. Follow sheriff's briefing, or if there is no briefing, request a sheriff's deputy to your location. Deceased individuals will be treated as potential crime scene, and it's important to keep the scene as you found it and to keep additional searchers away unless necessary for logistical purposes.</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Search_ProtocolsSearch Protocols2011-01-26T02:12:57Z<p>EricChesmar: /* HOW TO SEARCH EFFICIENTLY */</p>
<hr />
<div>== TBSAR / MJKSAR SEARCH PROTOCOLS ==<br />
<br />
This document is intended to provide general guidelines and protocols for TBSAR searchers to use while performing search and rescue operations. These are recommendations and should be tailored to fit individual situations, search grids, and conditions.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== HOW TO SEARCH EFFICIENTLY ===<br />
<br />
* Skis are efficient for downhill travel, and no more efficient than snowshoes for sidehill or contour travel. <br />
* Breaking trail should be done as a group, there is no efficiency to having all individuals breaking their own trail.<br />
* Breaking trail while side-hilling is the worst.<br />
<br />
Keep this in mind when deploying for searches. The same grid area which can take hours to cover via sidehilling can be searched in a fraction of the time following these methods.<br />
<br />
* Identify the highest contour line in your search area<br />
* Choose a compass bearing and travel distance and communicate this to each searcher<br />
* Organize searchers along the highest contour line<br />
* Ski downward or in a zig-zag pattern in your search area, following compass bearings to retain group spacing<br />
* Regroup at the bottom and break a trail back to the top of the next portion of the search area<br />
* Take frequent turns at front - the group moves fastest with a fresh person breaking trail - like a peloton<br />
* It's most efficient to break trail by keeping your tips on top of the powder<br />
* If powder is expected bring your skis with the most surface area - and skins to match<br />
* Find victim<br />
<br />
=== FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ===<br />
<br />
* How do I assess Probability of Discovery?<br />
<br />
Probability of Discovery (PoD) is an art form refined through training and experience. You are expected to render a PoD judgment for a responsive patient scenario and an unresponsive patient scenario. Err on the side of caution.<br />
<br />
* What tracks and when do they need to be reported to IC?<br />
<br />
Use good judgment when reporting tracks to IC. The tracks should be a single set and matching the subject's description (boots, ski, snowshoe, etc). Try not to report other searchers' tracks.<br />
<br />
* What spacing for searchers?<br />
<br />
Searcher spacing is very terrain, weather, and condition dependent. With megaphones and light wind on a clear day, searchers can be spaced up to 100m apart. Night searches will require closer spacing, down to about 30m.<br />
<br />
* Using sound clues for searching?<br />
<br />
Often search teams can end up yelling at each other. To prevent this, be sure to listen longer than you are shouting. Shout no more than 5 seconds at a time, and listen for more than 30 seconds.<br />
<br />
* What gear should we carry on SAR missions?<br />
<br />
Check with IC about expectations for transport and potential overnights when checking in. Remember that helicopters can be grounded at very short notice, so if your team is tasked to travel out 12 miles and be picked up by heli, the aircraft may not be able to fly and perform the extraction. <br />
<br />
* Why do my skins fall off?<br />
<br />
It is very common for searcher's skins to fall off while searching. This is because searching relies on far more contouring and on skinned-downhill-travel than most skins are designed for; night searches are particularly notorious for searchers losing skins. In general, do not bring new or lightly tested gear to a search, bring the gear you know works so you don't become a victim.<br />
<br />
During night searches, follow your skin manufacturer's recommendations and keep your skins warm by stowing inside your jacket when you are not using them - they'll stick better!<br />
<br />
* Can I talk to my team on the IC channel (CLEMARS, SAR, WHITEFIRE, etc)?<br />
<br />
Use the local TBSP channel to talk within your team. Use the IC channel only to communicate with IC.<br />
<br />
* How do I get in touch with IC if my radio won't connect to them?<br />
<br />
Get your IC's cell phone number and write yours on your sign-in sheet before you start searching!<br />
<br />
* Expectation what to do when you find somebody? How about if deceased?<br />
<br />
Alive: Treat as an OEC incident.<br />
<br />
Not alive: Do not mention the find over the radio. Follow sheriff's briefing, or if there is no briefing, request a sheriff's deputy to your location. Deceased individuals will be treated as potential crime scene, and it's important to keep the scene as you found it and to keep additional searchers away unless necessary for logistical purposes.</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Search_ProtocolsSearch Protocols2011-01-26T02:08:47Z<p>EricChesmar: /* FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS */</p>
<hr />
<div>== TBSAR / MJKSAR SEARCH PROTOCOLS ==<br />
<br />
This document is intended to provide general guidelines and protocols for TBSAR searchers to use while performing search and rescue operations. These are recommendations and should be tailored to fit individual situations, search grids, and conditions.<br />
<br />
<br />
=== HOW TO SEARCH EFFICIENTLY ===<br />
<br />
* Skis are efficient for downhill travel, and no more efficient than snowshoes for sidehill or contour travel. <br />
* Breaking trail should be done as a group, there is no efficiency to having all individuals breaking their own trail.<br />
* Breaking trail while sidehilling is the worst.<br />
<br />
Keep this in mind when deploying for searches. The same grid area which can take hours to cover via sidehilling can be searched in a fraction of the time following these methods.<br />
<br />
* Identify the highest contour line in your search area<br />
* Choose a compass bearing and travel distance and communicate this to each searcher<br />
* Organize searchers along the highest contour line<br />
* Ski downward or in a zig-zag pattern in your search area, following compass bearings to retain group spacing<br />
* Regroup at the bottom and breaking a trail back to the top of the next portion of the search area<br />
* Find victim<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
=== FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ===<br />
<br />
* How do I assess Probability of Discovery?<br />
<br />
Probability of Discovery (PoD) is an art form refined through training and experience. You are expected to render a PoD judgment for a responsive patient scenario and an unresponsive patient scenario. Err on the side of caution.<br />
<br />
* What tracks and when do they need to be reported to IC?<br />
<br />
Use good judgment when reporting tracks to IC. The tracks should be a single set and matching the subject's description (boots, ski, snowshoe, etc). Try not to report other searchers' tracks.<br />
<br />
* What spacing for searchers?<br />
<br />
Searcher spacing is very terrain, weather, and condition dependent. With megaphones and light wind on a clear day, searchers can be spaced up to 100m apart. Night searches will require closer spacing, down to about 30m.<br />
<br />
* Using sound clues for searching?<br />
<br />
Often search teams can end up yelling at each other. To prevent this, be sure to listen longer than you are shouting. Shout no more than 5 seconds at a time, and listen for more than 30 seconds.<br />
<br />
* What gear should we carry on SAR missions?<br />
<br />
Check with IC about expectations for transport and potential overnights when checking in. Remember that helicopters can be grounded at very short notice, so if your team is tasked to travel out 12 miles and be picked up by heli, the aircraft may not be able to fly and perform the extraction. <br />
<br />
* Why do my skins fall off?<br />
<br />
It is very common for searcher's skins to fall off while searching. This is because searching relies on far more contouring and on skinned-downhill-travel than most skins are designed for; night searches are particularly notorious for searchers losing skins. In general, do not bring new or lightly tested gear to a search, bring the gear you know works so you don't become a victim.<br />
<br />
During night searches, follow your skin manufacturer's recommendations and keep your skins warm by stowing inside your jacket when you are not using them - they'll stick better!<br />
<br />
* Can I talk to my team on the IC channel (CLEMARS, SAR, WHITEFIRE, etc)?<br />
<br />
Use the local TBSP channel to talk within your team. Use the IC channel only to communicate with IC.<br />
<br />
* How do I get in touch with IC if my radio won't connect to them?<br />
<br />
Get your IC's cell phone number and write yours on your sign-in sheet before you start searching!<br />
<br />
* Expectation what to do when you find somebody? How about if deceased?<br />
<br />
Alive: Treat as an OEC incident.<br />
<br />
Not alive: Do not mention the find over the radio. Follow sheriff's briefing, or if there is no briefing, request a sheriff's deputy to your location. Deceased individuals will be treated as potential crime scene, and it's important to keep the scene as you found it and to keep additional searchers away unless necessary for logistical purposes.</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2011-01-26T01:37:38Z<p>EricChesmar: </p>
<hr />
<div>Video - Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska:<br />
http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
<br />
AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training:<br />
http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
Transceiver reviews:<br />
http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
<br />
Danger Rose Tutorial:<br />
http://utahavalanchecenter.org/danger_rose_tutorial<br />
<br />
Avalanche Encyclopedia (UAC):<br />
http://www.avalanche.org/~uac/encyclopedia/index.htm<br />
<br />
Shear Quality video (UAC):http://utahavalanchecenter.org/observation_intermediate_ridgein_cardiff_fork_1212011:<br />
<br />
Snow pit plotting software(free):<br />
http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
<br />
“A Dozen More Turns” The film can be found at:<br />
part 1 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=77]: <br />
part 2 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=78]:<br />
part 3 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=79]:<br />
<br />
Snow crystals and physics of their formation. <br />
http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2011-01-12T03:31:22Z<p>EricChesmar: </p>
<hr />
<div>Video - Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska:<br />
http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
<br />
AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training:<br />
http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
Transceiver reviews:<br />
http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
<br />
Danger Rose Tutorial:<br />
http://utahavalanchecenter.org/danger_rose_tutorial<br />
<br />
Avalanche Encyclopedia (UAC):<br />
http://www.avalanche.org/~uac/encyclopedia/index.htm<br />
<br />
Snow pit plotting software(free):<br />
http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
<br />
“A Dozen More Turns” The film can be found at:<br />
part 1 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=77]: <br />
part 2 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=78]:<br />
part 3 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=79]:<br />
<br />
Snow crystals and physics of their formation. <br />
http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2011-01-11T22:17:17Z<p>EricChesmar: </p>
<hr />
<div>Video - Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska:<br />
http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
<br />
AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training:<br />
http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
Transceiver reviews:<br />
http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
<br />
Danger Rose Tutorial:<br />
http://utahavalanchecenter.org/danger_rose_tutorial<br />
<br />
Avalanche Encyclopedia (UAC):<br />
http://www.avalanche.org/~uac/encyclopedia/index.htm<br />
<br />
Snow pit plotting software(free):<br />
http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
<br />
“A Dozen More Turns” The film can be found at<br />
part 1 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=77] <br />
part 2 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=78] <br />
part 3 of 3: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=79]<br />
<br />
Snow crystals and physics of their formation. <br />
http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Avalanche_Related_ResourcesAvalanche Related Resources2011-01-11T15:28:42Z<p>EricChesmar: </p>
<hr />
<div>Video - Avalanche Skier POV Helmet Cam Burial & Rescue in Haines, Alaska:<br />
http://vimeo.com/6581009<br />
<br />
AIARE - the American Institute for Avalanche Research and Training:<br />
http://www.avtraining.org/<br />
<br />
Transceiver reviews:<br />
http://beaconreviews.com/transceivers/<br />
<br />
Danger Rose Tutorial:<br />
http://utahavalanchecenter.org/danger_rose_tutorial<br />
<br />
Avalanche Encyclopedia (UAC):<br />
http://www.avalanche.org/~uac/encyclopedia/index.htm<br />
<br />
Snow pit plotting software(free):<br />
http://www.snowpilot.org/<br />
<br />
“A Dozen More Turns” The film can be found at<br />
part one: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=77] <br />
part two: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=78] <br />
part three: [http://www.lifeonterra.com/episode.php?id=79]</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Main_PageMain Page2011-01-04T03:29:34Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
''' Welcome to TBSPedia '''<br />
<br />
== Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:TBSP 2007.jpg|thumb|320px|right|TBSP at our 2007 Operations Refresher]]<br />
<br />
;[[About TBSP| About Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol]]: Learn more about the patrol and our activities.<br />
;[[TBSP Introduction| Join the Patrol]]: Introduction to the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol! Instructions for prospective candidates.<br />
;[[Press and Media| TBSP in the News]]: News articles and press clippings about Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[SkiAlong|Ski-Along]]: Schedule an on-the-snow introduction to backcountry patrolling.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
;[[PatrolManual|Patrol Manual]]:Read up on the policies and protocols of the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[Current conditions]]: Links for up to date weather, traffic and avalanche information.<br />
;[[Miscellaneous]]: Links for physical conditioning, tree-well immersion, etc.<br />
;[[Simple GPS route to Peter Grubb Hut]]: http://wiki.tbsp.org/PGH_Route<br />
<br />
== Information for Patrollers ==<br />
;[[Search And Rescue]]: Information and Signup Instructions for the Search and Rescue Team.<br />
;[[Boreal Patrol]]: Instructions for your Boreal day.<br />
;[[Hobart Chalet]]: Chalet instructions for this year.<br />
;[[Avalanche Related Resources]]: Links about avalanche stuff.<br />
;[[Operations - things to fix]]: Bulletin board for posting items needing attention, or volunteering to fix it!.<br />
<br />
Learn about wikis: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial_%28Formatting%29 Quick Start instructions from wikipedia]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing a full tutorial on using wikis]], and [[How to upload files]].</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Main_PageMain Page2011-01-04T03:29:10Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
''' Welcome to TBSPedia '''<br />
<br />
== Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:TBSP 2007.jpg|thumb|320px|right|TBSP at our 2007 Operations Refresher]]<br />
<br />
;[[About TBSP| About Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol]]: Learn more about the patrol and our activities.<br />
;[[TBSP Introduction| Join the Patrol]]: Introduction to the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol! Instructions for prospective candidates.<br />
;[[Press and Media| TBSP in the News]]: News articles and press clippings about Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[SkiAlong|Ski-Along]]: Schedule an on-the-snow introduction to backcountry patrolling.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
;[[PatrolManual|Patrol Manual]]:Read up on the policies and protocols of the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[Current conditions]]: Links for up to date weather, traffic and avalanche information.<br />
;[[Miscellaneous]]: Links for physical conditioning, tree-well immersion, etc.<br />
:[[Simple GPS route to Peter Grubb Hut]]: http://wiki.tbsp.org/PGH_Route<br />
<br />
http://wiki.tbsp.org/PGH_Route<br />
<br />
== Information for Patrollers ==<br />
;[[Search And Rescue]]: Information and Signup Instructions for the Search and Rescue Team.<br />
;[[Boreal Patrol]]: Instructions for your Boreal day.<br />
;[[Hobart Chalet]]: Chalet instructions for this year.<br />
;[[Avalanche Related Resources]]: Links about avalanche stuff.<br />
;[[Operations - things to fix]]: Bulletin board for posting items needing attention, or volunteering to fix it!.<br />
<br />
Learn about wikis: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial_%28Formatting%29 Quick Start instructions from wikipedia]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing a full tutorial on using wikis]], and [[How to upload files]].</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Main_PageMain Page2011-01-04T03:28:30Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Resources */</p>
<hr />
<div>__NOTOC__<br />
''' Welcome to TBSPedia '''<br />
<br />
== Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:TBSP 2007.jpg|thumb|320px|right|TBSP at our 2007 Operations Refresher]]<br />
<br />
;[[About TBSP| About Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol]]: Learn more about the patrol and our activities.<br />
;[[TBSP Introduction| Join the Patrol]]: Introduction to the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol! Instructions for prospective candidates.<br />
;[[Press and Media| TBSP in the News]]: News articles and press clippings about Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[SkiAlong|Ski-Along]]: Schedule an on-the-snow introduction to backcountry patrolling.<br />
<br />
== Resources ==<br />
;[[PatrolManual|Patrol Manual]]:Read up on the policies and protocols of the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.<br />
;[[Current conditions]]: Links for up to date weather, traffic and avalanche information.<br />
;[[Miscellaneous]]: Links for physical conditioning, tree-well immersion, etc.<br />
<br />
http://wiki.tbsp.org/PGH_Route<br />
<br />
== Information for Patrollers ==<br />
;[[Search And Rescue]]: Information and Signup Instructions for the Search and Rescue Team.<br />
;[[Boreal Patrol]]: Instructions for your Boreal day.<br />
;[[Hobart Chalet]]: Chalet instructions for this year.<br />
;[[Avalanche Related Resources]]: Links about avalanche stuff.<br />
;[[Operations - things to fix]]: Bulletin board for posting items needing attention, or volunteering to fix it!.<br />
<br />
Learn about wikis: [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial_%28Formatting%29 Quick Start instructions from wikipedia]], [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing a full tutorial on using wikis]], and [[How to upload files]].</div>EricChesmarhttp://wiki.tbsp.org/Current_conditionsCurrent conditions2010-12-30T19:46:18Z<p>EricChesmar: /* Avalanche */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Avalanche ==<br />
<br />
;Sierra Avalanche Center - Daily Avalanche Forecast: http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/advisory<br />
;Eastern Sierra Avalanche Center map:http://www.esavalanche.org/Advisories.htm<br />
;Avalanche.org: http://www.Avalanche.org/<br />
;AAA SWAG: Snow, Weather, and Avalanches Observational Guidelines; http://www.avalanche.org/~research/guidelines/<br />
;CSAC: http://www.avalanche-center.org/<br />
<br />
== Roads and Traffic ==<br />
;Lake Tahoe road conditions: http://www.skialpine.com/mountain/road-conditions<br />
;NCal realtime traffic: http://www.sigalert.com/Map.asp?region=Sacramento#lat=38.72413&lon=-121.45917&z=3<br />
;I80 webcams:http://www.Magnifeye.com<br />
;Interstate 80 Conditions:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/i80<br />
;CHP Traffic Incidents, Truckee:http://cad.chp.ca.gov/?centerin=TKCC&amp;submit=Go!<br />
;CalTrans Mountain Pass Closures:http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/roadinfo/clsdlst.htm<br />
;511.org Traffic real-time:http://traffic.511.org/sfgate/<br />
;Caltrans Live Traffic Cams:http://video.dot.ca.gov/<br />
;Lassen roads:http://www.nps.gov/lavo/planyourvisit/current_conditions.htm#CP_JUMP_138964<br />
<br />
== Weather ==<br />
<br />
;NOAA Weather, Castle Valley:http://forecast.weather.gov/MapClick.php?lat=39.35447606884594&lon=-120.3548812866211&site=sto&smap=1&marine=0&unit=0&lg=en<br />
<br />
;UNISYS NorthWest Hemisphere InfaRed Satellite map:http://weather.unisys.com/satellite/sat_ir_enh_hem_loop-12.html<br />
<br />
;NOAA RADAR, Reno, NV; Base reflectiviy Loop: http://radar.weather.gov/radar.php?rid=RGX&product=N0R&overlay=11101111&loop=yes<br />
<br />
;6 day SNOW-FORECAST.COM for Sugarbowl mid-mountain 7634 ft. Shows freezing levels and wind: http://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Sugar-Bowl/6day/mid<br />
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;NorCal 6 day forecast, by 12-hour increments:http://www.snow-forecast.com/maps/static/ncal/6days<br />
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;NOAA Reno AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION: http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/forecasts/display_special_product_versions.php?sid=rev&pil=afd<br />
<br />
== Snowpack/Weather Historical Measurements ==<br />
;Observed last 24 hour precipitation; http://www.cnrfc.noaa.gov/precipMaps.php?group=ns&hour=24&synoptic=0:<br />
;Overview, by California Cooperative Snow Surveys; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/current/snow/:<br />
;Daily Snow Sensor Report, sorted by River Basin. Shows latest 24-hour accumulation and Elevation; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/snowsurvey_sno/PAGE6<br />
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;CHART Current YTD Precipitation vs. Historical for Northern Sierra: http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/precip/PLOT_ESI<br />
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;'''FAVORITE PLOTS (N to S)''':<br />
;Central Sierra Snow Lab (CSSL) 6,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?CSL&d=15-Dec-2008+15:56<br />
;Squaw Valley Gold Coast 8,200'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?SQV<br />
;Rubicon Peak, Lake Tahoe basin 7,500'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/queryF?RP2<br />
;Echo Peak, 7800'; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=EP5:<br />
;Deadman's Creek, 9250', on Hiway 108, W.of Sonora Pass; http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/staMeta?station_id=DDM</div>EricChesmar