Printable Patrol Manual

From TBSPedia

[edit] 1 Introduction

This article is part of the official Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol Manual.
Please be careful when editing this article as it is the latest draft version of the patrol manual. If in doubt, contact the Patrol Director or relevant Officer before editing articles here.

The official version of this manual is a PDF at http://docs.tbsp.org/browse.php?fFolderId=8

TAHOE BACKCOUNTRY SKI PATROL MANUAL

This is the TBSPedia Online Patrol Manual for the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol.

Recruiting and training are a top priority for TBSP. Refer likely candidate prospects to the recruiter or patrol director mailto:recruiter@tbsp.org. Patrol vests have a supply of patrol business cards for this purpose.

Matters not covered in this manual should be addressed to the Patrol Director or other appropriate patrol officer. Questions and comments are always welcome.

[edit] 1.1 AREAS PATROLLED

We cover these non-commercial backcountry ski areas on a patroller availability basis:

Castle Peak (west of Hwy. 80 at Boreal ridge)
Tahoe Meadows (off Nevada Hwy. 431, south of Mt. Rose)
Galena Creek (off Nevada Hwy. 431 near Mt. Rose ski area)
Martis Peak (east of Hwy. 267, south of Northstar)
Pole Creek (west of Hwy. 89 south, across from Big Chief)
Mt. Lincoln/Mt. Judah area (east of Sugar Bowl ski area)
Ridge Route (Sugar Bowl to Squaw Valley ridge traverse via Anderson Peak and Tinker Knob)

Each of these areas is patrolled pursuant to a volunteer agreement with the United States Forest Service. Tahoe Meadows and Galena Creek are in Nevada, in the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. The other five areas are in California and the Tahoe National Forest.

Add links for print-your-own-maps, http://www.mytopo.com/!

[edit] 1.2 WEATHER

Weather conditions can dictate whether and how we patrol various areas. For example, parking is prohibited on Route 431, the "Mt. Rose Highway," during snow removal operations. As a result, there will not be any recreational activity at Tahoe Meadows, and we will not patrol Tahoe Meadows during serious storms when chain controls are in effect. Another example is the avalanche conditions, which may prevail at Castle Peak, Mt. Lincoln/Mt. Judah, Tahoe Meadows and Galena Creek during or just after heavy winter storms. Decisions regarding the cancellation or limitation of patrol activities are left to the Mountain Manager and the Team Leader for each area on the day in question.

[edit] 1.3 AVALANCHE PRECAUTIONS

The areas we patrol are not known for heavy avalanche activity under normal conditions. However, there can be extreme avalanche danger in some areas after heavy storms. This is especially true of Castle Peak, Mt. Lincoln/Mt. Judah, Galena Creek and Tahoe Meadows. In addition to avoiding such dangerous areas ourselves, we should advise other skiers and snowmobilers of dangerous conditions whenever possible. In order to accomplish these ends, candidates and patrollers will receive training in how to recognize and avoid avalanche conditions. Team leaders should consult the avalanche phone each morning before commencing patrol operations, and avalanche conditions must be reported on the Daily Operations Log. Candidates and patrollers must become proficient in the use of avalanche transceivers. Each patroller must carry a transceiver and a shovel whenever patrolling. We have obtained grant funds to purchase a sufficient number of transceivers to cover patrol-training operations. Each member must have a personal avalanche transceiver by the beginning of the second year of membership.

[edit] 1.3.1 What is a SkiAlong?

TBSP Patroller rips the powder on the East slope of Castle.

SkiAlongs are the best way to get to know the Tahoe Backcountry Ski Patrol. TBSP invites members of the public who may be interested in becoming candidates to join the patrol for "Ski-Along" days (held during regular Castle Peak patrol days) or the Introduction to Ski Patrol Day (held on the last patrol day, in mid-April).

Ski Along requests are subject to the discretion of the Mountain Manager. We are able to provide Ski Alongs to prospective patrol candidates on most days when we patrol, but request at least 5 days notice for prospective ski along candidates.

[edit] 1.3.2 How to arrange for a Ski Along

Contact recruiter@tbsp.org at least 5 days in advance to schedule your ski-along!

[edit] 1.3.3 Ski-Along Procedure

Guests are required to sign a liability waiver prior to patrolling with TBSP (see [1]). Blank copies are also found in the Ops trailer black box.
The guest must supply address and phone number(s)
to the Mountain Manager at least 2 days prior to the ski-along day. The Mountain Manager (or as an alternate, the Operations Officer or Patrol Director) must send an email alert by Friday morning at the latest, with the contact info to the TNFS contact (currently Hank Hennessy at hhennessy@fs.fed.us). On the email copy recruiter@tbsp.org and operations@tbsp.org.
No more than two guests may visit with TBSP on any Ski-Along day, except for the Introduction to Ski Patrol Day.
Guests will patrol at Castle Peak, and only with a regular patrol team (not training, instruction, or “Challenging Terrain”).
A guest may not bring or invite any other person (or dog) on patrol with TBSP, the only exception being for avalanche rescue dogs which are owned and have been trained by the guest.
On the assigned patrol day, a guest shall meet TBSP at its Equipment Shed at 8:30 AM.
A guest shall be expected to ski the same distance, duration, and terrain as the TBSP team, which may on occasion exceed six miles, 2000 feet of climbing, and 2000 feet of descent, with up to black-diamond difficulty, and any snow conditions, for a full day. It is the responsibility of the guest to be familiar with, and prepared for, such an effort.
A guest will be accompanied by a radio-carrying TBSP patroller (to be assigned by the Team Leader) at all times while on patrol.
Guests are not allowed to provide medical assistance, regardless of guest experience. TBSP patrollers shall take leadership of all incidents.
Time (typically 30 – 60 minutes) will be provided as a lunch break.
Return to the equipment shed typically occurs by shortly after sunset, but this is not guaranteed.

Please review the equipment list on the TBSP Introduction page. Guests should bring the following:

Normal backcountry skiing clothes or functional equivalent, with the following recommendations:

Armpit zips for comfort and excess heat removal
Pants permitting maximum range of leg motion
Sufficient number of layers to permit comfort in all environmental conditions

Pack sufficient to carry all the above (2500 cubic inches recommended)
Metal-edge skis with either a sturdy freeheel binding, randonee binding, or alpine binding and freeheel adapter (e.g. “alpine trekker”); NNN-BC bindings and/or fishscale skis are strongly discouraged
Snowboarders must bring snowshoes, short x/c skis, or “Split-Decision” type snowboards in conjunction with ski poles for moving while on flats or uphills. No walking or postholing in snowboard boots alone is allowed.
Skins
Sturdy boots appropriate for the bindings and skis or snowboard
Poles, preferably adjustable-length, ideally convertible to a probe; required for both skiers and snowboarders
Avalanche probe (if guest’s poles are not convertible to a probe; will be provided by TBSP if necessary)
457 kHz avalanche transceiver with new batteries (transciever will be provided by TBSP if necessary)
Shovel (will be provided by TBSP if necessary)
Lunch and 1 liter of water
Headlamp and spare batteries
Whistle
Toilet paper
Plastic bags for human waste

Recommended, but not required, equipment is as follows:

Knife
Matches in waterproof container
Norden 7.5’ map
Compass, and skill in usage
Length of parachute cord

[edit] 2 Patrol Responsibilities

PatrolResponsibilities

[edit] 2.1 Overview, Boreal Mountain Resort Protocols

This article requires updates to get to TBSPedia quality standards.
Please update text:

Boreal Patrol Requirement: All TBSP patrollers are required to sign-up and complete one day of ski patrol at Boreal Mountain Resort. Candidates do not sign-up for Boreal ski patrol days.
Availability: Sign-up days correspond to the Boreal NSP patrol schedule and include weekends and midweek days during holidays. Available days include days outside of the normal TBSP patrol schedule. The Boreal season begins earlier and ends earlier than the TBSP season and the NSP schedule includes extra days during Thanksgiving, Christmas-New Year holiday, and national holidays.
Cancellation: Contact TBSP-Boreal liaison if you need any further information or wish to give some feedback about your Boreal experience by sending email to inter-patrol@tbsp.org
TBSP Vests: NSP red and black vests are REQUIRED during your Boreal exchange. 'There are three NSP patrol vests owned by TBSP that are stored in'the First Aid Room under the patient bed facing the restroom, in a plastic bag.

[edit] 2.2 Protocol

Arrive at the Boreal First Aid Room fully dressed and in ski or snowboard boots no later then 8:15 AM. Wear a standard red or red and black ski patrol vest or parka with white cross and name tag and carry a stocked first aid belt or first aid supplies in vest pockets.
Bring your skis/snowboard to the First Aid room and store them in "garage" at the rear of the FAR.
Sign your name in the Boreal NSP Binder.
Introduce yourself to the NSP Hill Captain for the day. The Hill Captain’s name can be found at the top of the personnel board, listed as “520”. The TBSP patroller adds his or her name to the bottom of the personnel board, below the numbered lines with the byline, “TBSP”. The patroller does not sign-in on a numbered line, because TBSP will not be carrying a radio. The patroller will not sign-up for a rotation as “Standby”. You may post a lunch time, but this is not necessary.
The Hill Captain will assign the TBSP patroller with a Boreal patroller for the day.
You will not require a lift ticket, because you will be wearing a NSP vest or jacket (no exceptions).
You can purchase food in the cafeteria at a 50% discount. (Wear the patrol vest to get the discount)
The TBSP patroller shadows and assists the Boreal ski patrol in responding to incidents on the hill. Primarily, the purpose is for TBSP to have experience responding to injuries, however, the patroller might accompany Boreal ski patrol on other incidents such as controlling public who are engaging in dangerous activity (e.g., walking on frozen ponds, sledding on ski trails, skiing out of control), public who need non-injury transport (e.g., unable to ski or ride down the hill due to fear or lack of ski ability).
In responding to injured skiers, riders, the TBSP patroller may assist in assessment and treatment and loading the patient for transportation. The patroller may also follow the patient to the First Aid Room and observe or provide additional assistance for treatment and may help Boreal Ski Patrol or the nurse with information they need to complete the Incident Report forms.
The TBSP patroller will not participate in the following: responding to incidents injury or non-injury without being accompanied by a Boreal ski patrol, pulling toboggans or handling the tail rope, carrying toboggans uphill on the lift, using a Boreal radio, and completing Incident Reports or other official Boreal forms. This is in addition to other restrictions that may be given by the Patrol Director or the Hill Captain.
The TBSP patroller may re-stock supplies that were used from the TBSP first aid belt with equivalent supplies from the First Aid Room. Do not take extra supplies.
For security, the TBSP patroller may store his or her skis or board in the First Aid Room “garage” during lunch or when not on the hill.
At the end of the patrol day, the you will sign out of the login binder and store TBSP ski patrol vest in its proper location.

[edit] 3 Equipment

[edit] 3.1 PACK

The pack itself should be large enough to accommodate the items mentioned below and approximately one-third of the Modular Equipment carried by patrollers. A minimum of 2500 cubic inches is recommended, but appropriate size will depend on your size and how you accommodate cold weather.

[edit] 3.2 MAP & COMPASS

Each patroller must carry a map of the area being patrolled and a compass, preferably one which automatically adjusts for declination such as the Silva Ranger Type 15CL or Suunto MC 1D Professional. These models are available at REI for about $45. An integrated clinometer is also helpful for slope angle measurements.

[edit] 3.3 PATROLLER'S FIRST-AID KIT

Because much of the first-aid equipment we carry is contained in the Trauma Module described in Modular Equipment, the individual patroller's first aid kit is limited to the following, which should be contained in a small organized kit such as those obtainable from Outdoor Research or Adventure Medical:

1 CPR mask
1 space blanket
6 4in x 4in non-stick sterile dressings
2 4" Kling bandages
2 2" Kling bandages
2 Kotex pads
several pair of latex examination gloves in your size
4 cravats
assorted band-aids
betadine swabs
handi-wipes
penlight
2-3 large safety pins
several small plastic bags
1 zippered case for contents. The patrol offers both the OR zippered case and the contents for sale at wholesale cost.

[edit] 3.4 SPLINTS

One SAM splint for OEC training. SAM splints for patient use are found in the Trauma Module (part of Modular Equipment).

[edit] 3.5 PERSONAL CLOTHING

Your jacket, bibs, poncho, etc. for layering and weatherproofing yourself.

[edit] 3.6 WATER

At least one liter of water for personal use and to assist patients or dehydrated skiers. If sharing your bottle with others is distasteful, carry two smaller bottles, or a cup.

[edit] 3.7 FOOD

Your lunch, power bars, etc. Emergency food for patients is found in the Stove Module.

[edit] 3.8 TARP

A small tarp with grommets for keeping patients warm and dry. REI sells one for about $10.

[edit] 3.9 HEADLAMP

REI sells one for under $20. Pro-deals are available for headlamp purchases from Petzl.

[edit] 3.10 PERSONAL SLED KIT

Equipment for pulling the portable sled, which includes:

16-18 feet of 1" tubular webbing (for a swami belt)
20' of 6 or 7mm perlon (for haul or tail rope)
2 locking carabiners (to attach rope to sled and swami belt)
small stuff sack for above items

The patrol offers this item at wholesale cost.

[edit] 3.11 AVALANCHE TRANSCEIVER

Patrol supplied during candidacy if you don't have one. Each member must have a transceiver by the beginning of the second year of membership.

[edit] 3.12 SNOW SHOVEL

Model with detachable handle; patrol supplied if you don't have one.

[edit] 3.13 OTHER ESSENTIALS

pocket knife (preferably one with a locking blade)
matches in waterproof container
whistle
length of parachute cord
personal prusik cord
toilet paper
plastic bags, poop-tube, or WAG bags for human waste

Patrollers are required to divide up and carry the following modular units:

[edit] 3.14 TRAUMA MODULE (for treating more serious injuries)

1 paramedic shears
1 tweezers
4 kotex pads
vaseline gauze
10 4" x 4" dressings
2 2" Kling bandages
6 4" Kling bandages
2 6" Kling bandages
1 3" Ace bandage
1 6" Ace bandage
2 rolls 2" adhesive tape
1 roll 2" Coban
4 plastic bags
6 1" fabric bandages
12 assorted butterfly bandages
12 assorted steri-strips
4 eye pads
2 bottles saline solution
6 bags sugar
alcohol preps
Betadine preps
green soap preps
4 large safety pins
4 tongue depressors
2 SAM splints
1 50" nylon cord for traction
1 zippered case for contents

[edit] 3.15 AIRWAY MANAGEMENT MODULE

1 set oral airways
Nasel airways
Suction syringe
1 disposable adult bag-valve mask
1 V-VAC handle and new cartridge
V-VAC carry bag for contents

[edit] 3.16 TENT MODULE (for patient care)

1 Megamid
1 stuff sack for contents

[edit] 3.17 REPAIR / FIRE / SIGNAL MODULE (for repairing equipment in the field, etc.)

1 2 oz. plastic bottle containing:
- assorted binding screws
- 4 hose clamps (for pole repairs)
- 1 glue gun stick
- 2 wooden golf tees
- 2 sets portable sled screws, lock washers and wing nuts
- 2 1" Fastex buckles
- 2 3/4" Fastex buckles
- 2 Leki pole tips
- 2 Leki twist locks
1 adjustable screwdriver with posi-drive and slotted blades
1 pad #0 steel wool for filler material
1 roll strapping tape
2 lengths of 6" aluminum flashing (rolled) for pole repairs
1 lighter (to melt glue gun stick)
1 hacksaw blade
1 spare binding set
50 feet of parachute cord
1 smoke flare
1 whistle
1 small roll surveyor's tape
1 Fire Starter Kit
- matches in waterproof container
- lighter
- fatwood kindling in plastic wrap
- 2 pads #000 steel wool
- fire starter
- 1 stuff sack for contents
1 zippered bag for contents

[edit] 3.18 SPARE CLOTHING MODULE

We carry extra clothing to assist patients or ourselves in an emergency. Spare clothing is (1) in large sizes so as to fit all patients, (2) clean and (3) packed in plastic bags to keep it dry:

1 wool or polypro watch cap or balaclava
1 pr. wool gloves or mittens
1 set polypro long underwear (tops and bottoms)
1 pr. polypro or wool socks
1 stuff sack for contents

[edit] 3.19 PORTABLE SLED MODULE (for patient transportation)

1 Brooks Range Emergency Sled -or-
1 portable sled (rolled)
- 4 patient attachment belts
1 20' x 7mm perlon haul/tail rope (spare for bystander use)
1 18'x 1" tubular nylon webbing swami belt (spare for bystander use)
2 locking carabiners
1 stuff sack for contents

[edit] 3.20 FORMS MODULE

1 Patrol Leader checklist for area
2 Patrol Reports
4 incident reports
2 SAR initiation forms
1 ballpoint pen
1 EMT pad
1 plastic envelope for contents

[edit] 3.21 Cache Contents

This section describes Fixed caches. See the Modular Equipment page for information on Patrol-carried equipment.

[edit] 3.21.1 TREE CACHE CONTENTS (Castle Pass and Round Valley)

Inside lockbox:

Trauma Backpack
Sled Control Module (Z-pulley)
Sleeping Bag

Outside lockbox:

Avalanche probe poles (10' EMT model, stashed next to cache)
Sleds
Round Valley: Hegg sled and tarp (stashed next to cache)
Heartbreak: Cascade sled and tarp (stashed next to cache)
Ladder

[edit] 3.21.2 CAR CACHE CONTENTS

Trauma Backpack
Sled Control Module (aka Z-pulley)
Sleeping bag
Portable Sled

[edit] 3.21.3 Car Cache (Portable Cache)

[edit] 3.22 Cache Module Contents

The following modules are cached for patroller use:

[edit] 3.22.1 DIAGNOSTIC MODULE

(for diagnosing and treating emergency conditions)

12 pairs of latex exam gloves (assorted sizes) in plastic bag
2 fluidshield masks in plastic bag
1 penlight
1 blood pressure cuff
1 stethoscope
1 hypothermia thermometer
1 tweezers
forceps
alcohol swabs (for sterilization)
pad and pencil
1 space blanket
6 plastic bags in assorted sizes
1 zippered case for contents

[edit] 3.22.2 HEAVY TRAUMA MODULE

(for mid-shaft femur and major bleeding)

2 battle dressings
1 Kendrick Traction Device (KTD)
1 stuff sack for contents

[edit] 3.22.3 SLED CONTROL MODULE

(aka z-pulley kit) (for raising or belaying loaded sleds).

1 50 meter x 8mm static rope
4 deadmen
2 24" slings
2 12" slings
6 locking carabiners
1 hardware kit
- 3 48" slings for anchors
- 2 Prusik loops
- 3 rescue pulleys
- 4 locking carabiners
- 1 Sticht plate
- 1 6" sling
- 1 stuff sack for contents
ice pickets
1 rope bag for contents

[edit] 3.22.4 STOVE MODULE

(for extended patient care or sudden bad weather)

1 pot with lid containing:
- matches in waterproof container
- lighter
- emergency food bars
- tea bags
- bullion cubes
- 1 plastic cup
1 MSR XGK stove
1 11 oz. bottle stove fuel
1 stuff sack for contents

[edit] 3.22.5 OXYGEN MODULE

1 C or Jumbo-D oxygen cylinder
1 oxygen regulator
1 disposable adult non-rebreather mask
1 disposable nasal cannula
1 padded stuff sack for contents
spare O2 tubing
Valve wrench

[edit] 3.22.6 RESCUE TOBOGGAN MODULE

1 commercial rescue sled
1 Backboard Module
- 1 backboard with restraints
- 1 cervical collar set (5 collars)
- 1 pair of head immobilizers
padding
Stifneck c-collar zippered bag for contents

[edit] 3.22.7 METAL TUBES

(for avalanche probes) Z

Patrollers must be familiar with each of the following forms, which must be carried while patrolling, and are carried in the Forms Module. It is the responsibility of the Mountain Manager to see that Patrol Leaders are supplied with the proper forms.

Documentation of our patrol activities is extremely important for a number of reasons. Possible legal ramifications of first-aid treatment are obvious, but there are additional reasons for proper documentation. For example, the Forest Service needs to know what we are doing and how many hours we devote to patrol activities. This may help the Forest Service justify future expenditures on our behalf. Obtaining thorough information from a person reporting someone missing is critical for search and rescue operations. Patrollers should become familiar with each of the forms. [Read filed patrol reports here].

[edit] 3.22.8 Patrol Report

This is the most important form. This form is filled out by Patrol Leaders and records information related to the patrol activities of each area on a particular day. The original is kept in the patrol log book, and copies are faxed to the preset on the Operations trailer fax machine. Scanned copies can be mailed to mailto:reports@tbsp.org

The Patrol Report is also used to record training and instruction activities for a particular day, to both assist the Operations Officer in keeping track of patrol day counts, and enable the Training Officer to monitor training status of patrollers and candidates. A separate Patrol Report should be used for this purpose, with the comment “Training in subjects XXX, YYY, ZZZ etc.” and identification of instructors versus students.

[edit] 3.22.9 Patrol Leader Checklist

Contains area specific information the Patrol Leader needs, including a check list of all Patrol Leader procedures, important telephone numbers, helicopter landing zones, sunset table, etc.

[edit] 3.22.10 Incident Report

This form records information concerning contact with the public, and is to be used to report all injuries. The original is attached to the Patrol Report, and a copy is mailed to the Patrol Director. Completion of the Incident Report is noted on the Patrol Report.

[edit] 3.22.11 Search and Rescue Initiation Form

Patrollers do not supervise or conduct search and rescue operations, and do not participate in such operations without USFS approval. However, whenever someone reports a person missing, this report is filled out a completely as possible with information supplied by the individual(s) reporting the missing person. Those individuals should be asked to stay until the Sheriff arrives, but in the event the reporting individual leaves, we will have the necessary information for the Sheriff. The original is given to the Sheriff, and a copy is attached to the Patrol Report. The most current versions of these forms will be found in the Forms Module.

[edit] 4 Protocols

Images missing!
Please upload images from the PDF Patrol Report

[edit] 4.1 FIRST-AID

[edit] 4.1.1 First-aid philosophy

Our first-aid philosophy is dictated by the terrain we patrol and the limitations of our training and equipment. The limits of our first-aid training should always be kept in mind, as should the primary rules "DON'T BECOME A VICTIM" and "DO NO HARM." Because we patrol the backcountry, we are limited in the equipment we carry and the speed with which we can evacuate the injured. Most Nordic first-aid treatment is similar to Alpine, but transportation is decidedly different. Although some of us were trained as Alpine patrollers, we must learn to think as Nordic patrollers. Consequently, our emphasis is on stabilizing injuries, controlling shock or hypothermia, and keeping patients dry and warm until appropriate transportation can be arranged. This is why we carry or have cached such items as oxygen, ensolite pads, blankets and bivouac kits. Often the most critical decision involves the method of evacuation. Patients with minor injuries can be transported by sled; more critically injured patients should be transported by helicopter, if available, or by snowmobile.

[edit] 4.1.2 Special first-aid procedures

As noted above, our emphasis is on keeping the patient warm and dry. All patients should be placed on ensolite pads. All patients should be covered with a blanket(s) and a tarp or space blanket. Patient temperature should be monitored continuously, through use of the hypothermia thermometer if necessary. Any person suspected of being seriously hypothermic should be evacuated immediately by helicopter. Where transport by snowmobile is advisable, a bivouac should be established to provide shelter and warm liquids unless contraindicated because of specific injuries. Snowmobile transport must be arranged by the USFS through the county sheriff, and waiting time is often considerable. Your specific location must be given, so map-reading skills are essential. You must always know where you are, and be able to give appropriate map coordinates!

[edit] 4.1.3 Consent for treatment

Adults - If the patient refuses treatment (after persuasion and informing of worst possible consequences), ask the patient to sign the Refusal of Treatment form. If they refuse to sign, have a witness sign to form to confirm the refusal. (The witness can be another patroller or a bystander). Minors - If the injury is non-life-threatening, you must ask for guardian permission to treat. If the injury is a danger to life or limb, then treat as necessary (and guardian consent is not required). If the patient refuses treatment (after persuasion and informing of worst possible consequences), ask the patient to sign the Refusal of Treatment form. If they refuse to sign, have a witness sign to form to confirm the refusal. Unconscious (both adults and minors) - Consent is implied if the patient is unresponsive.

[edit] 4.1.4 Decisions regarding patient transportation

As mentioned above, transportation of the injured is by sled, snowmobile or helicopter, depending upon severity of the injury. Transportation decisions also involve patient input, cost and inconvenience considerations, and availability of evacuation equipment. When a patient needs transportation, notify the Grass Valley (or Minden) dispatcher immediately of any potential need for transport, and request a helicopter in "standby" status. (The helicopter may take five minutes to takeoff and twenty minutes to arrive). After several minutes of patient evaluation, confirm with the dispatcher if helicopter or snowmobile is preferred. The helicopter can also be asked to standby over your position, without a fee until they land. Patients are usually charged for emergency transportation, a helicopter should not ordinarily be ordered for a simple fracture. However, the fact that an injured skier lacks funds or medical insurance should not dictate a slower method of transportation when an injury requires immediate advanced medical care. If asked by the patient, inform them of the cost (ranges from $7,000 to $10,000), and that most insurance plans cover the service. If they are uninsured, there are non-profits that may cover the cost. Try to convince the patient of the need for swift medical attention, and what the worst-case scenarios are without it. If the helicopter is refused, document the fact on the Incident report form, and have them sign a Release of Liability form. Patient transportation issues will be extensively discussed during training.

[edit] 4.2 INFECTION CONTROL PROCEDURES

This document contains information regarding the blood-borne pathogens, which produce AIDS and Hepatitis B. All patrollers and candidates must be familiar with this material and with the patrol's infection control procedures. Avoid exposure by following proper protection protocols. If you are exposed, you should: As soon as possible, wash and remove any visible fluid Ask the ambulance or helicopter what hospital they are going to, and let them know you've been exposed. Call or go to the hospital emergency room, explain the situation, and find out if the patient has tested positive. Get tested. Document the exposure on the Incident Report form, and Daily Operations Log.

HepB Infection Protocols, NIH, Part 1

HepB Infection Protocols, NIH, Part 2

[edit] 4.3 Patrol Specific Outdoor Emergency Care (OEC) Protocols

Upon successful completion of the Outdoor Emergency Care (OEC) Course, patrol members are certified as OEC Technicians by the National Ski Patrol. The following information serves as a supplement to the training and instruction received by the OEC Technician during the OEC Course. It includes patrol-specific protocol regarding the treatment of patients, which may differ from the protocol as taught in OEC. It also serves to clarify other items not fully covered in the Course. For further information, please contact the TBSP OEC Advisor.

[edit] 4.3.1 Infection Control Procedures & Body Substance Isolation (BSI).

Patrollers, as OEC Technicians providing emergency care for patients, are at risk of exposure to blood and other bodily fluids. Such fluids, in particular blood, may potentially contain pathogens and viruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV, the virus that causes AIDS), or Hepatitis B (HBV or HEP-B). Therefore patrollers must always be diligent in protecting themselves from potential exposure.
To protect against exposure to a patient's body fluids or substances that may contain viruses, patrollers must follow BSI precautions at all times when assessing and treating patients. At a minimum these precautions shall include the wearing of latex or nitrile gloves; it may also require for the wearing of safety glasses, and protective mask or face shield. When safety glasses are not available, the patroller's sunglasses or goggles may have to suffice as a substitute.
Used, disposable protective materials such as gloves, dressings, and bandages shall be placed and sealed in a plastic bag. The materials shall be passed on to a member of the advanced life support (ALS) crew upon pickup of the injured or ill patient, for subsequent proper disposal at the hospital or other advanced care facility.
At a minimum, non-disposable and potentially contaminated equipment not delivered with the patient to the ALS team shall be decontaminated in the backcountry with dressings treated with alcohol or other antiseptic, then covered with plastic for transportation back to the TBSP Operations Center or Equipment Shed. Upon arrival at the TBSP Operations Center, affected areas of the equipment shall be sprayed with a dilute solution of chlorine bleach and left to stand in the open air for at least one hour. As needed, it may be given a final cleaning with soap and water. Allow to air dry. Leave a conspicuous tag attached to the equipment for the TBSP Equipment Manager or Operations Officer, noting how and where it was contaminated, and how it had been decontaminated.
Potentially contaminated blankets, or patroller uniforms or clothing may be machine-washed at the Chalet. Patroller sunglasses or goggles may be decontaminated with antiseptic wipes or with bleach solution.
Patrollers shall carry an ample supply of antiseptic hand wipes or hand sanitizer, and shall use these materials before and after treating a patient in the field.
Snow or soil contaminated by a patient's blood or other body fluids or substances shall be buried in soil or in the snow and not left at the snow or ground surface.
If a patroller may have been exposed to a patient's body substances, the patroller shall thoroughly clean the affected area, and if possible accompany the patient to the emergency room and let the hospital staff know you are an emergency responder exposed to the patients' bodily fluids. They can recommend post-exposure prophylaxis, especially after the patient's blood is tested. Also contact the Patrol Leader and Mountain Manager, and contact the patroller's doctor or caregiver as soon as possible for further direction. Treatment for such exposure may also be covered by the US Forest Service under the volunteer agreement that TBSP operates with them. Contact the TBSP OEC Administration Officer for more information.

[edit] 4.3.2 Vaccinations (HBV).

Though at present no vaccines exist for some viruses such as HIV, there is a vaccine available for Hepatitis B (HBV).
As first responders that may come into close contact with bloodborne pathogens, all patrollers are strongly encouraged to consult their own doctor for more information about HBV vaccination. Patrollers should understand the contraindications for this vaccination.
For more information on HBV and the vaccination, see the attached Hepatitis B Fact Sheet from the Center for Disease Control (CDC):
For further information on this and other bloodborne pathogens, contact your doctor. Also visit the Center for Disease Control (CDC) online, at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/bp.html

[edit] 4.3.3 Spine Immobilization (Backboarding).

Injuries or conditions requiring patient stabilization and immobilization to a long spine board (backboard) include:
1. Head, neck or back injuries
2. Unresponsiveness (unless it was caused solely by a witnessed medical condition/emergency)
3. Mid-shaft femur fracture
4. Proximal femur fracture ("hip fracture")
5. Pelvic fracture
6. Hip dislocation
Backboarding is contraindicated if maintaining the patient's airway or the patient's ability to breathe is compromised by strapping to the backboard and/or across the patient's severely injured chest. Maintaining breathing and the ABC's takes priority over treatment of spinal injuries.
An adjustable cervical collar is to be sized and installed as soon as possible.
Backboard straps shall be hook-and-loop (Velcro) "Spider" straps. If Spider straps are not available, 1" minimum width nylon webbing from a patroller's sled hauling kit may be used, criss-crossed across the patient's body starting from the shoulders down.
Head is to be stabilized using a blanket roll. Blanket may be rolled long and placed in a horseshoe shape from top of shoulder to top of head to top of opposite shoulder, or a dual-rolled blanket slid under the patient's head with each roll against each ear. Blankets may be doubled to provide required volume for proper stabilization.
Cervical spine is stabilized manually throughout the backboard process until the patient's head is taped to the backboard and all backboard straps are tight. Two to three passes of tape in an "X" over the forehead is required. No tape is to be placed over or under the patient's chin.
Padding should be placed under the patient's knees before strapping. A long rolled blanket provides modest padding while gently flattening the lumbar spine. Padding under the knees is required for a pelvic fracture.
Prior to strapping, dditional blankets shall be applied to fill "voids" around the legs or hips due to other injuries such as hip dislocations or femur fractures.
Diaper or foot hitches using cravats shall be used as needed to supplement the backboard straps for patients on steeper inclines or when injuries near the hip prevent the hip straps to be pulled snugly.
Arrange the suctioning device and oxygen on the patient's left side if possible. Patroller monitoring the airway should be ready to suction from that side. If patient vomits, patient should be rolled to the left.

[edit] 4.3.4 Mid-Shaft Femur Fracture (Kendrick Traction Device)

Patients with a fractured femur mid-shaft shall be splinted with a Kendrick Traction Device (KTD). Open fractures are to be bandaged prior to splinting.
Prior to arrival of the splint, manual traction shall be applied distal to the injury. To maintain the rescuer's hands free, a manual traction "hitch" should be fashioned using cord or webbing, attached to the patient's ankle on the injured side, and wrapped around the rescuer's back. Manual traction may be maintained by leaning against the hitch, with the rescuer's foot pressed flat against the patient's foot on the uninjured side. Manual traction shall be maintained constantly until traction is pulled with the KTD.
The RED Velcro strap shall be placed directly over the midshaft and injury.
Feet shall be tied with a figure-of-eight to prevent rotation of the injured leg.

[edit] 4.3.5 Boot Removal

Boots shall generally be left on the patient's injured leg, provided adequate assessment of the distal pulse, sensation, and motion can be made.
Boot buckles and/or laces shall be loosened on the injured side to allow for swelling and for patient comfort.

[edit] 4.3.6 Splinting of Lower Leg Injuries

In lieu of a quick splint, patroller may fashion a proper splint by using the patient's ski poles, ensolite pad, cravats, and if needed, additional padding.
As with all splints, the injury site shall not be completely covered by the splint to allow for regular, subsequent injury assessment while waiting for or during transportation.

[edit] 4.3.7 Reductions & Compromised Distal CMS

If the patient's injury (dislocation or fracture) exhibits compromised distal CMS before splinting, and transport to an advanced care facility is greater than one hour, at least one attempt to realign the injury to improve distal CMS is required.
Shoulder dislocations or AC (acromioclavicular) separations may require careful reduction in the field if transport to an advanced care facility is greater than one hour. Assist patient in reduction of the dislocation.
Reductions of lower extremity joints shall not be attempted.

[edit] 4.3.8 Airway Administration

Oropharyngeal or oral airways shall be properly sized and installed with all unresponsive patients without a gag reflex.
Nasopharyngeal or nasal airways should be installed with responsive patients with a compromised airway.

Image, HepB Info Sheet

[edit] 4.4 Landing Zones

Rescue helicopters will generally land only in open spaces where they have a wide range of options for landing and takeoff. Consequently, patrollers will often have to bring the patient to the helicopter landing area in a sled. Each area we patrol has one or more possible landing sites, and we must learn the location of each site and keep a written record of the map coordinates for the site.

Pilots will normally choose their own landing spot in the landing site area, but it is helpful to indicate wind direction by standing upwind and to the side of the landing spot. Wind direction is indicated with smoke flares or streamers.

[edit] 4.5 General Patient Transfer Procedures

Usually, a patient will be loaded by the personnel aboard the helicopter, and patrollers will not have to approach the helicopter. In such cases, the primary consideration is to have a clearly marked landing site, and to keep the patient a sufficient distance from the landing site to assure patient safety and comfort during the landing.

[edit] 4.6 General Helicopter Safety

If it becomes necessary for you to approach a "live" helicopter, i.e., one with a moving rotor, you must keep the following rules in mind:

Before approaching a helicopter make sure the pilot has the ship down on the landing area the way he or she wants it, and has eased the power (you will hear a noticeable change in engine pitch);
Approach (or leave) the helicopter only at an angle visible to the pilot, and always keep your eyes on the pilot (not on the ground or the helicopter door);
Approach the helicopter only from the front or side (preferably the side), and never past a line perpendicular to the door (i.e., stay away from the tail);
When approaching, stay low (squat) to maximize head/rotor clearance, remembering that the rotor blades dip closer to the ground as the power decreases;
Don't stand on the skids, as the pilot might have to take off suddenly;
Never approach the helicopter from an uphill position because the rotors will be too close to the ground. Similarly, don't walk uphill when leaving the helicopter, and remember to stay low when leaving.

PROFICIENCY REQUIREMENTS Candidates or transferring patrollers are expected to demonstrate proficiency in the following skill areas before they will be registered as basic Nordic patrollers:

[edit] 4.7 Skiing/Snowboarding Skills

Skiing Skills: Proficiency to an intermediate level (good balance with consistent smoothness and reasonable efficiency and confidence) in each of the following aspects of Nordic skiing:

Level travel: sound diagonal stride with good kick & glide using single pole technique;
Uphill travel on a moderate slope using all of the following techniques: diagonal stride, herringbone, climbing traverse with kick turns, and sidestepping;
Downhill travel on a moderate slope using sidestepping and sideslipping;
Downhill travel on a moderate slope using traverse ending in a stop;
Downhill travel on a moderate slope using telemark, step, stem, or skate turns;
Straight downhill running on a moderate slope, controlling speed by snowplow;
Straight downhill run on a moderate slope. Candidate must show stability and confidence; and
Travel across varied terrain over a considerable distance to demonstrate the stamina and moderate speed necessary for patrolling.

Skiing ability will be rated throughout the period of candidacy and tested on a specific day. In situations where the Patrol Director is uncertain whether a candidate has developed the necessary skiing skills, the candidate will be asked to obtain private instruction at the candidate's expense. Each skiing skill must be learned to a reasonable proficiency, but we don't require advanced levels in any aspect of skiing.

Snowboarding Skills: Proficiency to a strong intermediate to advanced level of backcountry snowboarding is required. Specific skills are being developed. In the interim, proficiency will be judged on a case-by-case basis by experienced backcountry snowboarders in the patrol. Proficiency requirements parallel the levels indicated for skiing.

[edit] 4.8 First-Aid Skills

Proficiency in all aspects of Outdoor Emergency Care, with special emphasis on the following:

assessment
shock
hypothermia
severe bleeding
use of oxygen
mid-shaft femur fracture (KTD and ski pole traction splint)
chest injuries
shoulder separations
all fractures
knee and elbow dislocations
spinal fracture
bent-knee ski-pole splint
heart attack
choking
unconscious patient
medical emergencies
patient loading in sleds
CPR patrol infection control procedures

[edit] 4.9 Patient Transportation

Proficiency in all aspects of patient transportation, including decisions regarding method of transport procedures for requesting snowmobile or helicopter portable sled construction improvised sled construction patient packaging and protection procedures sled operation patrollers (demonstrate controlled sled hauling) sled operation - patrollers and non-patroller assistants (assist sled control) sled raising and lowering on steep slopes helicopter precautions and procedures

[edit] 4.10 Miscellaneous Subjects

Proficiency in the following:

map & compass, including all grid coordinate systems and navigation proficiency rapidly use map & compass to find current location by taking bearings and resectioning
knots, (see Appendix G, Knots, in TBSP manual)
patrol search and rescue initiation procedures
radio codes and procedures
avalanche precautions and procedures including transceiver proficiency
bivouac procedures and survival skills
field repair of equipment
NSP history and administration (selected)
patrol administration use of patrol forms

[edit] 4.11 Incident Management

Proficiency in any role required during management of an incident, including: Team Leader (= Incident Leader) OEC Leader Assistant (Locator, Communications, Shelter, OEC, etc. as assigned by Team Leader)

[edit] 4.12 INTRODUCTION

The radio is the single most important piece of equipment carried by TBSP on patrol. Therefore, every Patrol Leader is urged to lead a review of the procedures described in this Article while on patrol. Use of BK and ICOM radios should ideally be reviewed with an actual radio present, which is most often the case while on patrol. You should be able to perform all the following tasks:

Put on Radio Pouch/Harness
Install and change battery
Turn on radio
Check battery strength
Check transmit/receive functions
Hand Microphone use (for ICOM only)
Check-in with USFS (Minden and Grass Valley)
Set-up for patrolling as Patrol leader (or Mtn. Manager) and as patroller
Talk within patrol
Talk to USFS Dispatch to report incident.
Switch to a Tone if not being received
Switch channels to talk to helicopter or DSFD or TNSAR
Resume transmiting within patrol
Change battery when low
Sign off with USFS
Return to shed, and charge radio/battery and put away radio harness

We primarily use Bendix/King (BK) 14-channel radios and ICOM radios, some of which are owned by the patrol and some of which are supplied by the Forest Service. These radios cost approximately $800 each and must be handled carefully. Each model has it's own radio pouches, which contains a Radio Card with a short reference. The Radio and Pouches should be worn inside your parka during cold weather (so the batteries function) and kept dry during wet weather. If your radio gets wet, turn it off and don't turn it on again until it is thoroughly dry (usually not until the next day).

We also use Motorola Talk-About 2-way "family channel" radios to supplement the Bendix/King radios on patrol, for training sessions, and special events. The normal channel/code setting is '8/30', corresponding to the usual meeting time at the equipment shed. The Motorola radios cannot be used to communicate with patrollers carrying Bendix/King radios. They have a limited range (about 2 miles), and operate only in line-of-sight with each other. These radios should also be handled carefully, and sheltered from cold weather and moisture.

[edit] 4.13 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS AND DETAILS

[edit] 4.13.1 CALL SIGNS

Each patrol area has its own set of call signs, with the Patrol Leader's call sign ending in 0. E.g., the Patrol Leader for Castle Peak Basic is "Nordic 10."

Nordic 1: Patrol Director
Nordic 2: Mountain Manager
Nordic 10-19: Castle Peak
Nordic 20-29: Tahoe Meadows Basic
Nordic 30-39: Martis Peak Basic
Nordic 40-49: Pole Creek Basic
Nordic 50-59: Special Assignment
Nordic 60-69: Galena Creek Basic

[edit] 4.13.2 RADIO ETIQUETTE

To initiate a radio communication, give the call sign of the person you wish to contact, followed by your call sign. In the following example, as the Patrol Leader at Castle Peak, your call sign is "Nordic 10" and you are calling "Nordic 14," another patroller at Castle Peak, on the Tahoe National Forest Local channel.

Nordic 10, using Ch 5: "Nordic 14, Nordic 10;"
Nordic 14, using Ch 5, would respond: "Nordic 14." Nordic 10 would then continue the communication.
Remember it by saying 'Calling Nordic 14, this is Nordic 10.'

Monitor the channel you intend to communicate on for 10 seconds before transmitting. This will allow you to determine whether a conversation is in progress on that channel.
The radios are programmed to stop transmitting after 15 seconds of continuous transmission, so if you are long- winded, you will be cut off. Think ahead, and use several short transmissions if necessary.
Avalanche beacons, cell phones and other electronic gadgets can interfere with radio operation, and vice-versa; so try to wear them such that they are not in close proximity with each other. Moving a beacon at least 15 inches from the radio should eliminate the interference.
USFS rules prohibit the use of codes (e.g., "10-4") except by law enforcement personnel.
Use plain English, and think about what you want to say before depressing the push-to-talk button.
UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES REFER TO INDIVIDUALS BY NAME WHILE TRANSMITTING. In the radio community in which TBSP operates, this is considered highly unprofessional at the least, and unsafe at the worst. USE CALL SIGNS ONLY.
If it is necessary to contact Tahoe National Forest's liaison for TBSP by radio, OR to refer to him in conversation while transmitting, use his call sign 'Battalion Seventy-Two', NOT HIS NAME.
Forest Service Law Enforcement uses the call sign 'Seventeen Edward Seven'.

It is not appropriate to use personal names, slang, profanity, sexual innuendo, nicknames, or to engage in personal conversations on the radio. Assume your conversation is being monitored by citizens using scanners, as well as by the USFS and other public agencies. NOTE: Communicating by radio while in a car is called for rarely, such as sometimes happens while shuttling cars " on the day of the Great Race, or if you are Mountian Manager . Wearing a radio while driving is emphatically NOT recommended, as it could cause severe chest injury or death in the event of an accident. If it is absolutely necessary to communicate by radio while driving, this task should be delegated to a patroller passenger. Preferably, the car should be stopped in a safe and legal location prior to making a transmission. Transmission Problems: if you are having trouble reaching Grass Valley or Minden, try one of the following, after checking your battery and your channel setting:

Use a different repeater.
Use a different radio.
Go to high ground if possible
Consider using a relay patroller on high ground or with a better view of a repeater.
Enter radio feedback on Daily Ops Log
Do not attempt to reprogram the radios. That said, to add or remove a channel from scan, turn the channel selector to that channel and press ENT or CLR on the keyboard.

[edit] 4.14 DAILY PROCEDURE FOR USING RADIOS

This section summarizes the steps for handling and using the radios and batteries during the typical patrol day. (Time and Location is in parenthesis).

(Before Patrol, at the Equipment Shed) Mountain Manager takes batteries from the bottom of the battery slide (or charger if fully charged), attaches them to radio bodies, performs radio check to verfiy function, and puts the radios and radio pouches in bins for the Patrol Leader to take to the parking area for that day, marking the Equipment Checklist accordingly.
(Before Patrol, at the Equipment Shed) Mountain Manager tests an additional spare battery ('AA' clamshell if possible, otherwise another battery from the bottom of the battery slide) for operation with a radio body, then removes the battery and puts it in a waterproof container in the Patrol Leader's equipment bin, marking the Equipment Checklist accordingly. A spare battery should be carried by each team and by the Mountain Manager.
(Before Patrol, at the Equipment Shed) Mountain Manager keeps one radio for him/herself, and turns it on. (See note below.)
(Before Patrol, at the Parking Area) Patrol Leader distributes radios and call signs to team members.
(Start of Patrol, at the Parking Area) Patrol Leader calls Grass Valley or Minden (depending on area) to put team 'in service'. Essential information to communicate includes location, area to be patrolled, list of call signs, total number of patrollers, and nature of service (patrol, training, overnight etc.). An example of such a communication, done succinctly: 'Nordic Units 10 through 14 and 3 additional patrollers, in service at Castle Peak trailhead for overnight training in Round Valley.' (The Patrol Leader could break this up into two communications if necessary to avoid the 15-second cutoff.)
(Start of Patrol, at the Trailhead) Patrol Leader selects Ch 5 with either PRIORITY (CP, MP, PC) or SCAN (TM, GC) turned on, and directs other patrollers to select Ch 5 and turn radios on.
(During patrol, in the Patrol Area) Patrol Leader contacts or responds to Grass Valley, Minden, Careflight, Mountain Manager, or other patrollers as necessary while patrolling.
(During patrol, in the Patrol Area) Patrol Leader uses spare battery if necessary.
(End of patrol, in the Parking Area) Patrol Leader calls Grass Valley or Minden to put team 'out of service'. This is generally an abbreviated version of the 'in-service' call: 'Nordic Units 10 through 14 and 3 additional units out of service at Castle Peak trailhead.' If there is more than one patrol, DO NOT SAY ALL PATROLLERS OUT OF SERVICE, but say how many are with you. The Mountain Manager should leave radio on and continue monitoring until all patrols are out of service.
(End of patrol, in the Parking Area) Patrol Leader retrieves all radios and radio pouches from team.
(Equipment Shed) Mountain Manager removes batteries from radios, ensures they are dry, and inserts them in chargers (putting charged batteries in top of battery slide). Mountain Manager ensures radio bodies and pouches are dry, and then return them to their respective boxes. Any items needing repair are put in the repair bin.
(Equipment Shed) Mountain Manager removes the spare battery, ensures it is dry, and inserts it in a charger.
(Equipment Shed) When all team members have been accounted for, Mountain Manager returns his/her own radio and battery as just described.

[edit] 4.15 BENDIX-KING RADIO DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

Bendix-King 14-Channel Radio (EPH series)

[edit] 4.15.1 VOLUME AND SQUELCH KNOBS

To turn the radio on, rotate the volume knob to the right (clockwise). Additional rotation to the right increases the volume of reception. The squelch knob controls an electric circuit that cuts off the radio receiver when the signal is too weak for reception of anything but noise. Too low a squelch setting will cause continuous static. Too high a squelch setting will prevent lower-level signals from being received. The optimum setting may be achieved by turning the knob until continuous static is received, then backing off until the static stops, then backing off a little bit more.

[edit] 4.15.1.1 HI/LO SWITCH

The HI/LO switch selects the transmit power level. LO will minimize power draw, but will often be insufficient to contact your desired target, possibly even causing excessive transmit attempts and wasting even more power. It is therefore recommended to leave this switch set to HI, and to minimize your time transmitting by speaking succinctly. This switch has no effect on power draw when receiving.

[edit] 4.15.1.2 CHANNEL SELECTOR:

The following is a typical channel setup pre-programmed for our Bendix/King radios:

Channel Number	Channel Name and Tones	Description	Scan	Priority
1	Tahoe NF Fire Net [tones 1,5,6,7]	By permission only	_	_
2	Tahoe NF Net [tones 1,5,6,7]: USFS dispatcher, Grass Valley	All normal communications with the Forest Service by patrols operating in CA	X	X
3	Donner Summit Fire Dept. (DSFD) Net	Other rescue agency	_	_
4	Donner Summit Fire Dept. (DSFD Local	Other rescue agency	_	_
5	Tahoe NF Local	TBSP Team within a patrol. All areas	X	_
6	Lake Tahoe Basin Mgmt Unit (LTBMU) Net Tone 6	Backup for Ch. 8	_	_
7	Calif. Dept. of Forestry (CDF) Net [tones 6,7]	Other rescue agency	_	_
8	Humboldt-Toiyabe NF Net [tone 1]: USFS dispatch in Minden, NV	All normal communications with the Forest Service by patrols operating in Nevada (Tahoe Meadows and Galena Crk)	X	_
9	Placer Search and Rescue (SAR) Repeater	Other rescue agency	_	_
10	CDF Local	Other rescue agency	_	_
11	White Fire III	Other rescue agency, helicopter	X	_
12	Search and Rescue (SAR) (Washoe Red)	During SAR missions only.	_	_
13	Search and Rescue (SAR) (Washoe Orange/Placer)	During SAR missions only.	_	_
14	NOAA Weather	_	_	_

[edit] 4.15.2 KEYBOARD OPERATION: REPEATERS AND TONES

Whenever you use the Tahoe National Forest net (channel 2), or the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest Net (channel 8), you must select one of several repeaters, which are identified by "tones." This allows communication with others who are not within line-of-sight. The four we use are:

Tone 1 (Mt. Rose repeater) [primary tone for all areas]
Tone 5 (Grouse Ridge repeater) [use at CP]
Tone 6 (Babbitt Peak repeater) [use at CP, MP and PC]
Tone 7 (Squaw Peak repeater) [use at CP, MP and PC]
(Refer to the radio card inside TBSP radio pouches for a map showing these locations.)

To use a repeater, you must select the desired tone by pressing the corresponding button on the keyboard, and when speaking you must give the normal call signs followed by the tone designation. This is so that the receiving party knows which repeater has been activated by the tone selection, and can set their radio to use the same tone/repeater. This has dual benefits: first, only one repeater is being monopolized by the communication; second, if the initial transmission is received adequately, the response will use the same transmission path and should also be received loud and clear. When a tone has been selected on the keyboard, the display should indicate both the channel and the tone. NOTE: to enter a tone, both PRIORITY and SCAN must be turned off. This will be explained in the next section.

In the following example, you are the Patrol Leader at Tahoe Meadows (Nordic 20) and are calling the Humboldt- Toiyabe National Forest dispatcher at Minden (NV), using the repeater on Mt. Rose. Before transmitting, you ensure that your channel selector is set to Ch 8, and then you press '1' on the keyboard; the display shows 'Ch 8 1'. Nordic 20, using Ch 8, tone 1: "Minden, Nordic 20, tone 1' Minden would respond: "Minden" [or "Nordic 20, Minden"] Nordic 20 would then continue the communication.

Note that Nordic 20 uses the same order of call signs as one would use for names in a regular phone call (e.g. 'Hi Tom, this is Mary), except that the extraneous words ('Hi', 'this is') are eliminated. In a second example, you are the Patrol Leader at Castle Peak (Nordic 10) and are calling the Tahoe National Forest dispatcher at Grass Valley, using the repeater on Mt. Rose. You select Ch 2, and press '1' on the keyboard; the display shows 'Ch 2 1'. Nordic 10, using Ch 2, tone 1: "Grass Valley, Nordic 10, tone 1" Grass Valley would respond: "Grass Valley" [or "Nordic 10, Grass Valley"] Nordic 10 would then continue the communication.

For a third example, you are a patroller at Pole Creek (Nordic 42) and are calling the Mountain Manager (Nordic 2), who is on patrol at Castle Peak. Not surprisingly, you discover you cannot raise the MM with channel 5, so you switch to channel 2. After trying tone 1 and getting no response due to the surrounding terrain, you decide to select the nearby tone 7 (Squaw Peak) instead. You press '7' on the keyboard; the display shows 'Ch 2 7'. Nordic 42, using Ch 2, tone 7: 'Nordic 2, Nordic 42, tone 7' The Mountain Manager receives this and, realizing that Nordic 42 must be using Ch 2 because of the reference to a tone, turns PRIORITY off (see next section), selects Ch 2, and enters '7' on the keyboard. MM, using Ch 2, tone 7: 'Nordic 2' [or "Nordic 42, Nordic 2"] Nordic 42 then continues the communication.

In areas of poor radio transmission, it may be necessary to try several repeaters before you connect with one. You can tell you have hit a repeater when you momentarily depress the talk switch and hear feedback [called a squelch tail] from the repeater. This will be demonstrated in the field. PRIORITY AND SCAN MODES When the PRIORITY switch is "on" (pointing toward label 'PRI', or back of radio), the radio will monitor the Tahoe NF Net (Ch 2). Reception on other channels will be superseded by traffic on this frequency. Patrol Leaders at Tahoe National Forest venues (CP, MP, PC) should activate PRIORITY on their radios whenever they switch to a simplex channel for normal communications within their patrol area. This will allow them to monitor the dispatch channel. To transmit on Ch 2, which invariably involves selecting a tone (see previous section), you must turn PRIORITY and SCAN off, turn the channel selector knob to Ch 2, and enter the number of the desired tone on the keyboard. When you have finished the communication, you may restore the previous settings of channel, PRIORITY, and SCAN. When the SCAN switch is "on" (pointing toward label 'SCAN', or back of radio), the radio will scan the Tahoe NF Net (Ch 2), the TNF Local simplex channel (Ch 5), the Humboldt-Toiyabe NF Net (Ch 8), and White Fire III (Ch 11). This means the radio will lock on to a message coming over any of those four channels, which are monitored in sequence. SCAN should only be activated when patrolling at Tahoe Meadows or Galena, or during an emergency or joint training exercise, when it becomes necessary to communicate with emergency personnel on White Fire III (Ch 11). When patrolling at Tahoe Meadows or Galena, the Patrol Leader should activate SCAN on his or her radio, but all other radios should have SCAN off. During an emergency or joint training exercise, SCAN should be activated on all radios, or one radio should be dedicated to White Fire III (Ch 11) with SCAN off. To transmit on any channel while in SCAN MODE, you must turn the channel selector knob to that channel. If the selected channel uses a repeater (and hence a tone), PRIORITY and SCAN must both be turned off, and then the desired tone may be entered as described previously. When you have finished the communication, you may restore the previous settings of channel, PRIORITY, and SCAN.

[edit] 4.15.3 AREA-TO-AREA COMMUNICATION - USING CHANNEL 2

The Tahoe NF Net (Ch 2) is used to contact the Forest Service dispatcher at Grass Valley, and to make brief radio contact between patrollers in different patrol areas after first attempting to contact them on Ch 5. Whenever communication of the latter type is necessary, keep it brief and to the point. Remember, the entire forest is listening.

[edit] 4.15.4 USING SIMPLEX CHANNELS - COMMUNICATIONS WITHIN PATROL AREA

The Tahoe NF Local simplex channel (Ch 5) is used for communications within a patrol area. Patrol Leaders should have everyone (including themselves) switch to Ch 5 at the trailhead after the Patrol Leader has checked in at the parking area with Grass Valley using Ch 2, or Minden using Ch 8. Patrol Leaders reporting to Grass Valley should then activate PRIORITY so they can monitor messages from Grass Valley or from other patrol areas on Ch 2. Patrol Leaders reporting to Minden should then activate SCAN.

[edit] 4.15.5 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

When reporting an emergency incident, use the term "Emergency Traffic." E.g., "Grass Valley, Nordic 10, Emergency Traffic." All field units will either stop their radio communication in progress or delay intended communications until the frequency is cleared to "Resume Normal Radio Traffic." So if you hear someone use the term "Emergency Traffic," stay off the radio until the frequency has been cleared.

[edit] 4.16 ICOM RADIO DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

ICOM Submersible Handheld

[edit] 4.16.1 GENERAL

The ICOM works on the same principles as the BK with the following differences: " No numbered channels to remember ý now all alphanumerical. " There are specific channels for each tone (e.g., GRVAL-T1, equals Grass Valley Tone 1). " Default channel is 'TBSP' (same as BK channel 5). " If you want channel other than 'TBSP' use up and down buttons (circular list). " No squelch knob ý it's automatic. " The red button on top has been programmed to temporarily suppress a channel when in scan mode, such as one creating noise or is unnecessary. " The Scan lists are for listening only ý to transmit you go press P0 to get to the default list and scroll up or down " The P2 and P3 buttons are currently not programmed.

[edit] 4.16.2 RADIO SKILL CHECKLIST: ICOM

Here's how to perform all the basic tasks during patrol:

Install battery - ICOM has rechargeable battery, so remove entire radio from charger.
Turn on radio ý Rotate volume knob
Check battery ý Immediately after turning on read the display for battery voltage. Normal is about 8.0 volts ý if voltage is less than 7.0 take radio out of service - needs new rechargeable battery.
Check transmit/receive functions ý Turn on, and the display should show the TBSP channel. Press PTT button and speak into the microphone. Red light is on during transmit, and green light is on during receive. Ask a friend to listen, and then transmit back to you.
Hand Microphone use ý Clip on collar or epaulet. PTT operates the same as the radio.
Check-in with USFS (Minden and Grass Valley) ý Press UP or DOWN buttons to find the channel (and repeater) you want, then press PTT button and talk.
Switch to a Tone if not being received ý Use UP or DOWN buttons to get to a different USFS dispatcher/tone channel combination.

[edit] 4.16.3 Set-up for patrolling

For Patrol Leader (or Mountain Manager)- Hold down P1 button for one second to enter scan list, select the correct Scan list using UP or DOWN buttons. Press P1 again to 'enter' selected scan list, and press P1 again to turn the selected scan list on.
For patroller ý Turn on, and display should say 'TBSP.' From a scan list, press P0 button to get to 'TBSP' default channel from any other channel.
Talk within patrol ý Press P0 or P1 buttons to get to 'TBSP' default channel and out of a Scan list. The Patrol leader can use the UP or DOWN buttons to get to the TBSP channel within the Scan list, and still stay in the Scan mode.
After an Incident, to Talk to USFS Dispatch ý Switch to the appropriate ISCAN list for your area, and then use the UP or DOWN buttons to get to the USFS dispatcher and press P1 to enter the channel. All of the patrol should switch to the same ISCAN list.
Switch channels to talk to helicopter or DSFD or TNSAR ý Press P0 to get back to the TBSP channel, then use the UP or DOWN buttons to get to the appropriate channel for the responding rescuer, and press P1 to enter the channel..
Resume transmitting within patrol ý press P0 to get to back to TBSP channel and out of Scan. If the Patrol Leader wants to stay within SCAN list, use the UP or DOWN buttons to get to the TBSP channel and press P1 to enter.
Change battery when low ý ICOM will show a battery symbol on right side of display if the battery is getting weak.
Sign off with USFS ý Press UP or DOWN arrows to get to the correct USFS channel.
Return to shed, and charge radio/battery and put away radio harness - The ICOM radios must be seated properly (against back of charger cup) to accept a charge. Charging light will come on (orange=rapid charging; green=trickle charging) when radio is properly seated. No light = not seated.

[edit] 4.16.4 ICOM RADIO CHANNEL SUMMARY

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TBSP Tahoe NF Local Within a patrol. 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 GRVAL-T1 Tahoe NF Net [tone 1 at (Mt. Rose]: USFS dispatcher in Grass Valley, CA All normal communications by patrols operating in CA 6 6 6 6 6 6 GRVAL-T5 Tahoe NF Net [tone 5 at Grouse] Service by Patrols 6 6 6 6 2 T5 dispatcher in Grass Valley California 4th Tahoe NF Net [tone 6 at GRVAL- Babbit Peak]: USFS 6 6 6 6 2 T6 dispatcher in Grass Valley 5th Tahoe NF Net [tone 6 at GRVAL- Squaw Peak] 2 6 6 6 6 T7 Humboldt-Toiyabe NF All comm with 6th Net [tone 1 at Slide Mt.]: Forest Service by MINDN- USFS dispatcher in patrols operating 6 6 8 T1 Minden, NV. in NV (Tahoe Meadows). 7th Lake Tahoe Basin Mgmt Backup for BK LTBMU- Unit (LTBMU) Net [tone Ch. 8 6 6 6 T6 6 at Babbit Peak] 8th TNSAR ý Placer Search Other rescue GRT_ and Rescue (SAR) agency. 6 6 9 RACE Repeater, Mt. Pluto 9th CDF Truckee Fire Net 10 6 6 CDF-T7 [Tone 7 at Donner Pk] 10th White Fire I Other rescue 6 6 6 WFIRE-1 agency,helicopter. 11th White Fire II Other rescue 6 6 6 WFIRE-2 agency,helicopter. 12th White Fire III Outside rescue 11 6 6 6 WFIRE-3 agency,helicopter. 13th NOAA Weather 14 Not Used Tahoe NF Fire Net [tones By permission 1 1,5,6,7] only Not Used Donner Summit Fire 3 Dept. (DSFD) Net Not Used Donner Summit Fire 4 Dept. (DSFD) Local Not Used Calif. Dept. of Forestry 7 (CDF) Net [tones 6,7] Not Used Search and Rescue (SAR) During SAR 12 (Washoe Red) missions only. Not Used Search and Rescue (SAR) During SAR 13 (Washoe Orange/Placer) missions only.

Order & Abbrev	Channel Name and Tone	Description	BK	CP SCAN	CP ISCAN	TM SCAN	TM ISCAN	GR SCAN	GR ISCAN	MM SCAN	MM ISCAN

Abbreviations: CP= Castle Peak, TM = Tahoe Meadows, GR = Great Race, BK = Bendix King, TNSAR= Tahoe Nordic SAR, SAR = Search and Rescue, NF= National Forest

[edit] 4.16.5 RADIO FREQUENCIES

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[edit] 5 Skills

Patrollers are expected to know the following knots and hitches:

[edit] 5.1 Girth hitch

[edit] 5.2 Clove hitch

[edit] 5.3 Taut line hitch (tent hitch)

[edit] 5.4 Prusik knot

Double Prusik and Triple Prusik

[edit] 5.5 Double fisherman's knot

[edit] 5.6 Figure-8 knot on a bight

[edit] 5.7 Figure-8 knot rewoven

[edit] 5.8 Overhand knot

[edit] 5.9 Water knot

[edit] 5.10 Rescue Sleds

TBSP uses three types of rescue sleds:

Commercial rescue sleds, which can carry both equipment and patients. With these sleds we can carry a full range of first-aid equipment, including a backboard;
Patrol manufactured portable sleds carried by patrollers which weigh 2 - 4 lbs. exclusive of ropes;
Brooks Range Rescue Sleds (1.5 pounds); and
Improvised sleds are constructed with materials available at the injury site. This type is used only in cases of multiple injury or failure of the portable sled, but patrollers must be able to construct such a sled in case such an emergency arises.

The portable sled can be completely constructed using materials in the Portable Sled Module and the patient's skis. The improvised sled can be completely constructed using materials in the Repair Module, the patient's skis and poles and two detachable shovel handles.

[edit] 5.11 Sled Hauling

This section contains diagrams regarding sled handling. The leader should give all commands for starting, stopping, slowing, and changing of others' position. The followers should communicate any problems to the eleader, including difficulty with the terrain, the need to slow down, or the need to halt the sled if someone falls. This article discusses TBSP rope rescue systems used to raise and lower loaded sleds on steep slopes. Patrollers and candidates must understand the material depicted in this appendix. Sled construction and handling will be thoroughly covered during field training.

Moving Toboggan Belay, Wide Trail

Flat/Rolling / Uphill / Downhill

Moving Tobbogan Belay, Narrow Trail

Flat/Rolling / Uphill / Downhill

Anchored Belay (downhill)

Hand Belay / Carabiner Brake

[edit] 5.12 LOW-ANGLE ROPE-RESCUE SYSTEMS FOR USE ON SNOW

This document discusses the construction of low-angle (15° to 40°) rope-rescue systems used on snow. It is not intended to describe either equipment or procedures for low-angle rescue off snow or high-angle rescue. The systems discussed in this document have been designed for backcountry use, where equipment weight is a significant consideration.

[edit] 5.12.1 Rescue Team

The TBSP rescue team should include three or four patrollers, allocated as follows:

Two main-line tenders (haulers)
One belay-line tender (optional)
One rescue-sled / patient tender

This discussion assumes that each member of the rescue team carries the following personal equipment:

One 20' length of red 1' webbing
One 20' length of 6mm static cord
One 5mm prusik loop
One descender
Two locking carabiners

[edit] 5.12.2 Terminology

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Horizontal 3-to-1 Raising System: a two-anchor point, three-pulley system that permits hauling perpendicular to the fall line; the Z is rigged perpendicular to the fall line
Vertical 3-to-1 Raising System: a single-anchor point, three pulley system that permits hauling perpendicular or parallel to the fall line; the Z is rigged parallel to the fall line
1-to-1 Lowering System: a system that permits lowering of the rescue sled down the fall line
Anchor Point: the tree or other immovable object to which the system is anchored
Anchor Webbing: 1' webbing in 12' (yellow) and 15' (blue) lengths
Anchor: the combination of anchor point and anchor webbing to which a system is attached
Anchor Pulley: a pulley attached to an anchor
Prusik-Minding Pulley (PMP): an optional type of anchor pulley attached to the first anchor point that prevents the safety prusiks from being swallowed by the pulley
Haul Pulley: a pulley attached to a haul prusik loop
Safety Prusik: a prusik hitch that acts as a rope stopper in the event of system failure
Haul Prusik: a prusik hitch that pulls on the hau